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DbProviderFactory — провайдер-незалежний код","/csharp/ado-net/provider-factory","01.csharp/09.ado-net/07.provider-factory",{"title":438,"path":439,"stem":440},"9.8. Асинхронний доступ до даних","/csharp/ado-net/async-data-access","01.csharp/09.ado-net/08.async-data-access",{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},"9.9. Від'єднаний режим: DataSet, DataTable, DataRow","/csharp/ado-net/disconnected-mode-dataset","01.csharp/09.ado-net/09.disconnected-mode-dataset",{"title":446,"path":447,"stem":448},"9.10. DataAdapter — міст між DataSet та базою даних","/csharp/ado-net/data-adapter","01.csharp/09.ado-net/10.data-adapter",{"title":450,"path":451,"stem":452},"9.11. Data Mapper та Repository: Архітектура доступу до даних","/csharp/ado-net/data-mapper-repository","01.csharp/09.ado-net/11.data-mapper-repository",{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},"9.12. Identity Map, Unit of Work та Specification Pattern","/csharp/ado-net/advanced-patterns","01.csharp/09.ado-net/12.advanced-patterns",{"title":458,"icon":255,"path":459,"stem":460,"children":461,"page":59},"Ef Core","/csharp/ef-core","01.csharp/10.ef-core",[462,466,470,474,478,482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,532,538,542,546,550,554,558,562,566,570,574,578,582,586,590,594,598,602,606,610,614,618,622,626,630,634,638,642,646],{"title":463,"path":464,"stem":465},"Що таке ORM? Від SQL до об'єктів","/csharp/ef-core/what-is-orm","01.csharp/10.ef-core/01.what-is-orm",{"title":467,"path":468,"stem":469},"Перший проєкт — від нуля до CRUD","/csharp/ef-core/first-project","01.csharp/10.ef-core/02.first-project",{"title":471,"path":472,"stem":473},"DbContext — Серце EF Core","/csharp/ef-core/dbcontext-deep-dive","01.csharp/10.ef-core/03.dbcontext-deep-dive",{"title":475,"path":476,"stem":477},"Провайдери баз даних — Архітектура та Вибір СУБД","/csharp/ef-core/database-providers","01.csharp/10.ef-core/04.database-providers",{"title":479,"path":480,"stem":481},"Конвенції EF Core — Магія без конфігурації","/csharp/ef-core/conventions","01.csharp/10.ef-core/05.conventions",{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Fluent API та Data Annotations — Явна конфігурація моделі","/csharp/ef-core/fluent-api-vs-annotations","01.csharp/10.ef-core/06.fluent-api-vs-annotations",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Зв'язки — One-to-One та One-to-Many","/csharp/ef-core/relationships-basics","01.csharp/10.ef-core/07.relationships-basics",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Зв'язки Advanced — Many-to-Many та Складні Сценарії","/csharp/ef-core/relationships-advanced","01.csharp/10.ef-core/08.relationships-advanced",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Властивості — Типи, Конвертери, Компаратори (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/property-configuration-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/09.property-configuration-part1",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Властивості — Value Comparers, Generators, Shadow Properties (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/property-configuration-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/09.property-configuration-part2",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Складні типи — Owned Types та Complex Types (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/complex-types-owned-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/10.complex-types-owned-part1",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Складні типи — Complex Types, Keyless Entities, Порівняння (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/complex-types-owned-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/10.complex-types-owned-part2",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"JSON Columns — Складні дані у JSON (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/json-columns-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/11.json-columns-part1",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"JSON Columns — Value Comparers, Індекси, Провайдери (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/json-columns-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/11.json-columns-part2",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Успадкування — Абстрактні класи та TPH (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/inheritance-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/12.inheritance-part1",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Успадкування — TPT, TPC та Порівняння Стратегій (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/inheritance-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/12.inheritance-part2",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529,"children":530},"Індекси, Обмеження та Схема (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/indexes-constraints-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/13.indexes-constraints-part1",[531],{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535,"children":536},"Індекси, Обмеження та Схема (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/indexes-constraints-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/13.indexes-constraints-part2",[537],{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},{"title":539,"path":540,"stem":541},"Seed Data — Початкові Дані (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/seeding-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/14.seeding-part1",{"title":543,"path":544,"stem":545},"Seed Data — SQL-скрипти, Bogus та Стратегії (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/seeding-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/14.seeding-part2",{"title":547,"path":548,"stem":549},"Global Query Filters — Глобальні Фільтри (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/global-query-filters-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/15.global-query-filters-part1",{"title":551,"path":552,"stem":553},"Global Query Filters — Підводні камені та Інтеграція (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/global-query-filters-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/15.global-query-filters-part2",{"title":555,"path":556,"stem":557},"LINQ-запити в EF Core (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/linq-queries-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/16.linq-queries-part1",{"title":559,"path":560,"stem":561},"LINQ-запити в EF Core (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/linq-queries-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/16.linq-queries-part2",{"title":563,"path":564,"stem":565},"Завантаження Пов'язаних Даних (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/loading-related-data-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/17.loading-related-data-part1",{"title":567,"path":568,"stem":569},"Завантаження Пов'язаних Даних (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/loading-related-data-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/17.loading-related-data-part2",{"title":571,"path":572,"stem":573},"Raw SQL, Views та Stored Procedures (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/raw-sql-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/18.raw-sql-part1",{"title":575,"path":576,"stem":577},"Raw SQL — Stored Procedures, DbFunction та Bulk Operations (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/raw-sql-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/18.raw-sql-part2",{"title":579,"path":580,"stem":581},"Продвинуті Запити — Compiled Queries, Bulk та Оптимізація (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/advanced-queries-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/19.advanced-queries-part1",{"title":583,"path":584,"stem":585},"Продвинуті Запити — Query Tags, Bulk та Interceptors (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/advanced-queries-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/19.advanced-queries-part2",{"title":587,"path":588,"stem":589},"Change Tracker — Відстеження Змін (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/change-tracking-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/20.change-tracking-part1",{"title":591,"path":592,"stem":593},"Change Tracker — Графи Об'єктів та Disconnected (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/change-tracking-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/20.change-tracking-part2",{"title":595,"path":596,"stem":597},"Збереження Даних та Транзакції (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/saving-data-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/21.saving-data-part1",{"title":599,"path":600,"stem":601},"Збереження Даних — Concurrency та Outbox (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/saving-data-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/21.saving-data-part2",{"title":603,"path":604,"stem":605},"Конкурентність та Блокування (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/concurrency-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/22.concurrency-part1",{"title":607,"path":608,"stem":609},"Конкурентність — Дедлоки та Queue Processing (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/concurrency-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/22.concurrency-part2",{"title":611,"path":612,"stem":613},"Міграції в EF Core — Основи (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-basics-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/23.migrations-basics-part1",{"title":615,"path":616,"stem":617},"Міграції в EF Core — Основи (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-basics-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/23.migrations-basics-part2",{"title":619,"path":620,"stem":621},"Міграції — Просунуті Сценарії (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-advanced-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/24.migrations-advanced-part1",{"title":623,"path":624,"stem":625},"Міграції — Просунуті Сценарії (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-advanced-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/24.migrations-advanced-part2",{"title":627,"path":628,"stem":629},"Управління Схемою та Database-First (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/schema-management-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/25.schema-management-part1",{"title":631,"path":632,"stem":633},"Управління Схемою та Database-First (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/schema-management-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/25.schema-management-part2",{"title":635,"path":636,"stem":637},"Продуктивність EF Core — Основи (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/performance-fundamentals-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/26.performance-fundamentals-part1",{"title":639,"path":640,"stem":641},"Interceptors в EF Core (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/interceptors-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/29.interceptors-part1",{"title":643,"path":644,"stem":645},"Interceptors в EF Core — Connection, Transaction та Materialization (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/interceptors-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/29.interceptors-part2",{"title":647,"path":648,"stem":649},"План вивчення Entity Framework Core — Повний курс","/csharp/ef-core/implementation_plan","01.csharp/10.ef-core/implementation_plan",{"title":651,"icon":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655,"page":59},"ASP.NET","i-devicon-dotnetcore","/csharp/aspnet","01.csharp/11.aspnet",[656,730,791,869,927,941,967,1057,1111,1182,1212,1289],{"title":657,"icon":658,"path":659,"stem":660,"children":661,"page":59},"Minimal API","i-lucide-network","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api",[662,666,670,674,678,682,686,690,694,698,702,706,710,714,718,722,726],{"title":663,"path":664,"stem":665},"Вступ до ASP.NET та еволюція фреймворку","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/introduction","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/01.introduction",{"title":667,"path":668,"stem":669},"Перший додаток на ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/first-application","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/02.first-application",{"title":671,"path":672,"stem":673},"WebApplication, Builder та Dependency Injection","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/webapplication-builder","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/03.webapplication-builder",{"title":675,"path":676,"stem":677},"Конвеєр запитів та Middleware","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/request-pipeline-middleware","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/04.request-pipeline-middleware",{"title":679,"path":680,"stem":681},"Маршрутизація в ASP.NET Core: Основи","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/routing-basics","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/05.routing-basics",{"title":683,"path":684,"stem":685},"Маршрутизація в ASP.NET Core: Розширені можливості","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/routing-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/06.routing-advanced",{"title":687,"path":688,"stem":689},"Статичні файли в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/static-files","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/07.static-files",{"title":691,"path":692,"stem":693},"Статичні Активи: MapStaticAssets (ASP.NET Core 9.0)","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/static-assets","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/08.static-assets",{"title":695,"path":696,"stem":697},"Конфігурація в ASP.NET Core: Основи","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/configuration-fundamentals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/09.configuration-fundamentals",{"title":699,"path":700,"stem":701},"Конфігурація: Паттерн Options","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/configuration-options","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/10.configuration-options",{"title":703,"path":704,"stem":705},"Логування в ASP.NET Core: Основи","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/logging-basics","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/11.logging-basics",{"title":707,"path":708,"stem":709},"Логування: Serilog та Middleware","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/logging-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/12.logging-advanced",{"title":711,"path":712,"stem":713},"Управління станом: HttpContext.Items та Cookies","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/state-management","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/13.state-management",{"title":715,"path":716,"stem":717},"Стан сесії: Sessions","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/session-state","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/14.session-state",{"title":719,"path":720,"stem":721},"Структура проєкту: від хаосу до архітектури","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/project-structure","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/15.project-structure",{"title":723,"path":724,"stem":725},"Scalar у Minimal API: повний проєкт і Fluent OpenAPI","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/scalar-openapi-fluent","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/16.scalar-openapi-fluent",{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},"Swagger / Swashbuckle у Minimal API: окремий класичний шлях","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/swagger-swashbuckle","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/17.swagger-swashbuckle",{"title":731,"icon":658,"path":732,"stem":733,"children":734,"page":59},"API","/csharp/aspnet/api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api",[735,739,743,747,751,755,759,763,767,771,775,779,783,787],{"title":736,"path":737,"stem":738},"Що таке API. Клієнт-серверна архітектура","/csharp/aspnet/api/what-is-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/01.what-is-api",{"title":740,"path":741,"stem":742},"Формати даних: JSON, XML, TOML та бінарні формати","/csharp/aspnet/api/data-formats","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/02.data-formats",{"title":744,"path":745,"stem":746},"Парадигми API та концепція REST","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-paradigms-rest","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/03.api-paradigms-rest",{"title":748,"path":749,"stem":750},"HTTP-методи, статус-коди та заголовки","/csharp/aspnet/api/http-methods-status-codes","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/04.http-methods-status-codes",{"title":752,"path":753,"stem":754},"Організація HTTP API за принципами REST","/csharp/aspnet/api/rest-organizing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/05.rest-organizing",{"title":756,"path":757,"stem":758},"Номенклатура URL та CRUD-операції","/csharp/aspnet/api/url-nomenclature-crud","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/06.url-nomenclature-crud",{"title":760,"path":761,"stem":762},"Правила дизайну: іменування та стандарти","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-design-naming","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/07.api-design-naming",{"title":764,"path":765,"stem":766},"Валідація, ліміти та обробка помилок","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-design-validation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/08.api-design-validation",{"title":768,"path":769,"stem":770},"Обробка помилок у Minimal API","/csharp/aspnet/api/error-handling-http","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/09.error-handling-http",{"title":772,"path":773,"stem":774},"Ідемпотентність та синхронізація стану","/csharp/aspnet/api/idempotency-sync","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/10.idempotency-sync",{"title":776,"path":777,"stem":778},"Пагінація та організація списків","/csharp/aspnet/api/pagination-lists","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/11.pagination-lists",{"title":780,"path":781,"stem":782},"Безпека API, кешування та інтернаціоналізація","/csharp/aspnet/api/security-auth","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/12.security-auth",{"title":784,"path":785,"stem":786},"Процес проєктування API та документування","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-design-process","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/13.api-design-process",{"title":788,"path":789,"stem":790},"OpenAPI: контракт, специфікація та документація API","/csharp/aspnet/api/openapi","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/14.openapi",{"title":792,"icon":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796,"page":59},"Auth","i-lucide-shield-check","/csharp/aspnet/auth","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth",[797,801,805,809,813,817,821,825,829,833,837,841,845,849,853,857,861,865],{"title":798,"path":799,"stem":800},"Основи аутентифікації та авторизації","/csharp/aspnet/auth/auth-fundamentals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/01.auth-fundamentals",{"title":802,"path":803,"stem":804},"JWT-аутентифікація","/csharp/aspnet/auth/jwt-authentication","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/02.jwt-authentication",{"title":806,"path":807,"stem":808},"Авторизація: ролі, політики та resource-based доступ","/csharp/aspnet/auth/authorization-policies","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/03.authorization-policies",{"title":810,"path":811,"stem":812},"Cookie-аутентифікація та ASP.NET Core Identity","/csharp/aspnet/auth/cookie-auth-identity","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/04.cookie-auth-identity",{"title":814,"path":815,"stem":816},"JWT + Refresh Tokens (HttpOnly Cookie)","/csharp/aspnet/auth/04b.identity-auth-jwt","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/04b.identity-auth-jwt",{"title":818,"path":819,"stem":820},"Identity: Підтвердження Email та Скидання Пароля","/csharp/aspnet/auth/identity-email-confirmation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/05.identity-email-confirmation",{"title":822,"path":823,"stem":824},"Identity: Двофакторна Аутентифікація (2FA)","/csharp/aspnet/auth/identity-two-factor","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/06.identity-two-factor",{"title":826,"path":827,"stem":828},"Identity: Внутрішня Архітектура та Кастомізація","/csharp/aspnet/auth/identity-internals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/07.identity-internals",{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832},"OAuth 2.0 та зовнішні провайдери","/csharp/aspnet/auth/oauth-external-providers","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/08.oauth-external-providers",{"title":834,"path":835,"stem":836},"Безпека на практиці: CORS, HTTPS та захист від атак","/csharp/aspnet/auth/security-hardening","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/09.security-hardening",{"title":838,"path":839,"stem":840},"Теорія OAuth 2.0: Поняття, Аналогії та Флоу","/csharp/aspnet/auth/oauth-theory","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/10.oauth-theory",{"title":842,"path":843,"stem":844},"OIDC, OAuth 2.0 та Keycloak в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/oidc-keycloak","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/10.oidc-keycloak",{"title":846,"path":847,"stem":848},"API Keys аутентифікація в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/api-keys","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/11.api-keys",{"title":850,"path":851,"stem":852},"Rate Limiting та Throttling в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/rate-limiting","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/12.rate-limiting",{"title":854,"path":855,"stem":856},"Refresh Token Rotation в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/refresh-token-rotation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/13.refresh-token-rotation",{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860},"Certificate Authentication та mTLS в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/certificate-auth","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/14.certificate-auth",{"title":862,"path":863,"stem":864},"RBAC, ABAC та ReBAC в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/rbac-abac-rebac","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/15.rbac-abac-rebac",{"title":866,"path":867,"stem":868},"Multi-tenancy та ізоляція даних в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/multi-tenancy","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/16.multi-tenancy",{"title":870,"icon":871,"path":872,"stem":873,"children":874,"page":59},"Нотифікації","i-lucide-bell","/csharp/aspnet/notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications",[875,879,883,887,891,895,899,903,907,911,915,919,923],{"title":876,"path":877,"stem":878},"In-App нотифікації через базу даних","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/in-app-database-notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/01.in-app-database-notifications",{"title":880,"path":881,"stem":882},"Polling: Регулярний запит оновлень","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/polling","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/02.polling",{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886},"Server-Sent Events: Однострімовий push від сервера","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/server-sent-events","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/03.server-sent-events",{"title":888,"path":889,"stem":890},"WebSockets: Двостороннє з'єднання в реальному часі","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/websockets","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/04.websockets",{"title":892,"path":893,"stem":894},"SignalR: Абстракція над транспортами реального часу","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/signalr","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/05.signalr",{"title":896,"path":897,"stem":898},"Background Services: Фонові задачі в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/background-services","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/06.background-services",{"title":900,"path":901,"stem":902},"Web Push нотифікації","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/web-push","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/07.web-push",{"title":904,"path":905,"stem":906},"Email нотифікації","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/email-notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/08.email-notifications",{"title":908,"path":909,"stem":910},"Порівняння підходів: Як вибрати правильну технологію нотифікацій","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/choosing-the-right-approach","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/09.choosing-the-right-approach",{"title":912,"path":913,"stem":914},"Hangfire: Надійне планування фонових задач","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/hangfire","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/10.hangfire",{"title":916,"path":917,"stem":918},"Практика: Конвертація зображень у WebP через Hangfire","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/hangfire-image-webp","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/11.hangfire-image-webp",{"title":920,"path":921,"stem":922},"Практика: Підготовка відео до HLS-стрімінгу через Hangfire","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/hangfire-video-hls","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/12.hangfire-video-hls",{"title":924,"path":925,"stem":926},"Telegram-нотифікації: від одного повідомлення до масових розсилок і мульти-канального підходу","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/telegram-notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/13.telegram-notifications",{"title":928,"icon":929,"path":930,"stem":931,"children":932,"page":59},"Інтернаціоналізація","i-lucide-languages","/csharp/aspnet/i18n","01.csharp/11.aspnet/05.i18n",[933,937],{"title":934,"path":935,"stem":936},"Інтернаціоналізація (i18n) у Minimal API: від A до Я","/csharp/aspnet/i18n/internationalization","01.csharp/11.aspnet/05.i18n/01.internationalization",{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940},"Humanizer: людиномовні рядки у .NET","/csharp/aspnet/i18n/humanizer","01.csharp/11.aspnet/05.i18n/02.humanizer",{"title":942,"icon":943,"path":944,"stem":945,"children":946,"page":59},"Кешування","i-lucide-layers","/csharp/aspnet/caching","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching",[947,951,955,959,963],{"title":948,"path":949,"stem":950},"Огляд кешування: чотири рівні і коли що обирати","/csharp/aspnet/caching/caching","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/01.caching",{"title":952,"path":953,"stem":954},"IMemoryCache: кеш в оперативній пам'яті","/csharp/aspnet/caching/memory-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/02.memory-cache",{"title":956,"path":957,"stem":958},"IDistributedCache і Redis: розподілений кеш","/csharp/aspnet/caching/distributed-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/03.distributed-cache",{"title":960,"path":961,"stem":962},"Response Cache: HTTP-кешування через Cache-Control","/csharp/aspnet/caching/response-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/04.response-cache",{"title":964,"path":965,"stem":966},"Output Cache: серверний кеш HTTP-відповідей (.NET 7+)","/csharp/aspnet/caching/output-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/05.output-cache",{"title":968,"icon":969,"path":970,"stem":971,"children":972,"page":59},"Тестування","i-lucide-test-tube","/csharp/aspnet/testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing",[973,977,981,985,989,993,997,1001,1005,1009,1013,1017,1021,1025,1029,1033,1037,1041,1045,1049,1053],{"title":974,"path":975,"stem":976},"Що таке тестування? Від інтуїції до науки","/csharp/aspnet/testing/what-is-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/01.what-is-testing",{"title":978,"path":979,"stem":980},"Піраміда тестування — Стратегія, а не Догма","/csharp/aspnet/testing/testing-pyramid","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/02.testing-pyramid",{"title":982,"path":983,"stem":984},"Дві Школи Тестування — Лондон проти Детройту","/csharp/aspnet/testing/testing-schools","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/03.testing-schools",{"title":986,"path":987,"stem":988},"TDD та BDD — Тести як Дизайн-інструмент","/csharp/aspnet/testing/tdd-and-bdd","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/04.tdd-and-bdd",{"title":990,"path":991,"stem":992},"Що саме тестувати — Техніки аналізу та Циклomatична складність","/csharp/aspnet/testing/what-to-test","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/05.what-to-test",{"title":994,"path":995,"stem":996},"Тестові Фреймворки — Навіщо вони і що всередині","/csharp/aspnet/testing/test-frameworks","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/06.test-frameworks",{"title":998,"path":999,"stem":1000},"xUnit — Факти, Теорії та Lifecycle тестів","/csharp/aspnet/testing/xunit-basics","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/07.xunit-basics",{"title":1002,"path":1003,"stem":1004},"xUnit Advanced — Fixtures, Кастомізація та Розширення","/csharp/aspnet/testing/xunit-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/08.xunit-advanced",{"title":1006,"path":1007,"stem":1008},"Moq — Глибоке занурення в мокування","/csharp/aspnet/testing/mocking-with-moq","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/09.mocking-with-moq",{"title":1010,"path":1011,"stem":1012},"Тестування Баз Даних — EF Core, SQLite та Testcontainers","/csharp/aspnet/testing/database-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/10.database-testing",{"title":1014,"path":1015,"stem":1016},"Integration Testing — Частина 1 [Теорія та WebApplicationFactory]","/csharp/aspnet/testing/integration-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/11.integration-testing",{"title":1018,"path":1019,"stem":1020},"Інтеграційне тестування — Практика","/csharp/aspnet/testing/11a.integration-testing-practice","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/11a.integration-testing-practice",{"title":1022,"path":1023,"stem":1024},"Integration Testing — Частина 2 [Просунуті Сценарії та Testcontainers]","/csharp/aspnet/testing/integration-testing-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/12.integration-testing-advanced",{"title":1026,"path":1027,"stem":1028},"Професійний Postman: Колекції, Змінні та GitHub Інтеграція","/csharp/aspnet/testing/postman-professional","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/13.postman-professional",{"title":1030,"path":1031,"stem":1032},"HttpClient у Тестах Частина 1: Архітектура та MockHttpMessageHandler","/csharp/aspnet/testing/httpclient-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/14.httpclient-testing",{"title":1034,"path":1035,"stem":1036},"HttpClient у Тестах Частина 2: WireMock.Net та Resilience","/csharp/aspnet/testing/wiremock-net","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/15.wiremock-net",{"title":1038,"path":1039,"stem":1040},"Патерни та Анти-патерни Тестування: Test Smells","/csharp/aspnet/testing/testing-patterns","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/16.testing-patterns",{"title":1042,"path":1043,"stem":1044},"Просунуті інструменти: Time, Snapshots та Властивості","/csharp/aspnet/testing/advanced-testing-tools","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/17.advanced-testing-tools",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048},"Тестування Архітектури з NetArchTest","/csharp/aspnet/testing/architecture-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/18.architecture-testing",{"title":1050,"path":1051,"stem":1052},"Тестування Продуктивності: BenchmarkDotNet, NBomber та k6","/csharp/aspnet/testing/performance-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/19.performance-testing",{"title":1054,"path":1055,"stem":1056},"Залишок плану для курсу \"Тестування ASP.NET Minimal API\"","/csharp/aspnet/testing/remaining_plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/remaining_plan",{"title":1058,"icon":1059,"path":1060,"stem":1061,"children":1062,"page":59},"Платежі","i-lucide-credit-card","/csharp/aspnet/payments","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments",[1063,1067,1071,1075,1079,1083,1087,1091,1095,1099,1103,1107],{"title":1064,"path":1065,"stem":1066},"Основи платіжної інфраструктури","/csharp/aspnet/payments/payment-fundamentals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/01.payment-fundamentals",{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070},"Методи оплати в Україні","/csharp/aspnet/payments/payment-methods-ukraine","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/02.payment-methods-ukraine",{"title":1072,"path":1073,"stem":1074},"PCI DSS та безпека платежів","/csharp/aspnet/payments/pci-dss-security","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/03.pci-dss-security",{"title":1076,"path":1077,"stem":1078},"Архітектура платіжної підсистеми","/csharp/aspnet/payments/payment-architecture","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/04.payment-architecture",{"title":1080,"path":1081,"stem":1082},"Інтеграція LiqPay (ПриватБанк)","/csharp/aspnet/payments/liqpay-integration","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/05.liqpay-integration",{"title":1084,"path":1085,"stem":1086},"Інтеграція Monobank Acquiring API","/csharp/aspnet/payments/monobank-acquiring","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/06.monobank-acquiring",{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090},"Інтеграція Stripe","/csharp/aspnet/payments/stripe-integration","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/07.stripe-integration",{"title":1092,"path":1093,"stem":1094},"Webhooks — глибоке занурення","/csharp/aspnet/payments/webhooks-deep-dive","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/08.webhooks-deep-dive",{"title":1096,"path":1097,"stem":1098},"Підписки та рекурентні платежі","/csharp/aspnet/payments/subscriptions-recurring","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/09.subscriptions-recurring",{"title":1100,"path":1101,"stem":1102},"Повернення коштів та диспути","/csharp/aspnet/payments/refunds-disputes","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/10.refunds-disputes",{"title":1104,"path":1105,"stem":1106},"Тестування платіжних інтеграцій","/csharp/aspnet/payments/testing-payments","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/11.testing-payments",{"title":1108,"path":1109,"stem":1110},"Чекліст виходу в Production","/csharp/aspnet/payments/production-checklist","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/12.production-checklist",{"title":1112,"icon":1113,"items":1114,"path":1127,"stem":1128,"children":1129,"page":59},"Популярні бібліотеки","lucide:box",[1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126],"01.fluent-validation","02.mapster","03.erroror-result-pattern","04.serilog","05.mediatr","06.polly","07.health-checks","08.feature-management","09.fluent-email","10.quest-pdf","11.bogus","12.humanizer-guard","/csharp/aspnet/libraries","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries",[1130,1134,1138,1142,1146,1150,1154,1158,1162,1166,1170,1174,1178],{"title":1131,"path":1132,"stem":1133},"Валідація з FluentValidation в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/fluent-validation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/01.fluent-validation",{"title":1135,"path":1136,"stem":1137},"Маппінг об","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/mapster","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/02.mapster",{"title":1139,"path":1140,"stem":1141},"Обробка помилок з ErrorOr та Result Pattern в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/erroror-result-pattern","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/03.erroror-result-pattern",{"title":1143,"path":1144,"stem":1145},"Структуроване логування з Serilog в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/serilog","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/04.serilog",{"title":1147,"path":1148,"stem":1149},"CQRS та Mediator з MediatR в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/mediatr","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/05.mediatr",{"title":1151,"path":1152,"stem":1153},"Відмовостійкість з Polly в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/polly","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/06.polly",{"title":1155,"path":1156,"stem":1157},"Health Checks в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/health-checks","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/07.health-checks",{"title":1159,"path":1160,"stem":1161},"Feature Management та Feature Flags в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/feature-management","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/08.feature-management",{"title":1163,"path":1164,"stem":1165},"Відправка Email з FluentEmail в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/fluent-email","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/09.fluent-email",{"title":1167,"path":1168,"stem":1169},"Генерація PDF з QuestPDF в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/quest-pdf","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/10.quest-pdf",{"title":1171,"path":1172,"stem":1173},"Генерація тестових даних з Bogus в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/bogus","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/11.bogus",{"title":1175,"path":1176,"stem":1177},"Humanizer та Guard Clauses в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/humanizer-guard","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/12.humanizer-guard",{"title":1179,"path":1180,"stem":1181},"План модуля 10.libraries — Популярні бібліотеки ASP.NET","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/plan",{"title":1183,"icon":1184,"path":1185,"stem":1186,"children":1187,"page":59},"Razor Pages","i-lucide-layout-template","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages",[1188,1192,1196,1200,1204,1208],{"title":1189,"path":1190,"stem":1191},"Від Minimal API до Razor Pages: концептуальний перехід","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/from-minimal-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/01.from-minimal-api",{"title":1193,"path":1194,"stem":1195},"PageModel: логіка сторінки Razor Pages","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/page-model","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/02.page-model",{"title":1197,"path":1198,"stem":1199},"Razor синтаксис: шаблонізатор у .cshtml","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/razor-syntax","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/03.razor-syntax",{"title":1201,"path":1202,"stem":1203},"Tag Helpers: типізований HTML","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/tag-helpers","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/04.tag-helpers",{"title":1205,"path":1206,"stem":1207},"Форми і валідація: повний цикл обробки даних","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/forms-validation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/05.forms-validation",{"title":1209,"path":1210,"stem":1211},"Практичний проєкт: TaskManager на Razor Pages","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/project-task-manager","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/06.project-task-manager",{"title":1213,"path":1214,"stem":1215,"children":1216,"page":59},"ASP.NET Core MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc",[1217,1221,1225,1229,1233,1237,1241,1245,1249,1253,1257,1261,1265,1269,1273,1277,1281,1285],{"title":1218,"path":1219,"stem":1220},"Патерн MVC: архітектура, що змінила веб","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/mvc-pattern","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/01.mvc-pattern",{"title":1222,"path":1223,"stem":1224},"Від Razor Pages до MVC: концептуальний перехід","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/from-razor-pages","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/02.from-razor-pages",{"title":1226,"path":1227,"stem":1228},"Controllers та Actions: серце MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/controllers-actions","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/03.controllers-actions",{"title":1230,"path":1231,"stem":1232},"Маршрутизація в MVC: Convention vs Attribute Routing","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/routing-mvc","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/04.routing-mvc",{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236},"Model Binding: від HTTP до C#","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/model-binding","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/05.model-binding",{"title":1238,"path":1239,"stem":1240},"Views, ViewData, ViewBag, TempData і ViewModel","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/views-viewdata-tempdata","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/06.views-viewdata-tempdata",{"title":1242,"path":1243,"stem":1244},"Filters: аспектно-орієнтоване програмування в MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/filters","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/07.filters",{"title":1246,"path":1247,"stem":1248},"Areas: структурування великих застосунків","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/areas","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/08.areas",{"title":1250,"path":1251,"stem":1252},"View Components: повторювані незалежні блоки UI","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/view-components","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/09.view-components",{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256},"Display та Editor Templates","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/display-editor-templates","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/10.display-editor-templates",{"title":1258,"path":1259,"stem":1260},"Валідація: IValidatableObject та FluentValidation","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/validation-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/11.validation-advanced",{"title":1262,"path":1263,"stem":1264},"HTMX: інтерактивність через HTML-атрибути","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/htmx","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/12.htmx",{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268},"HTMX у ASP.NET Core MVC: серверна інтеграція","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/ajax-htmx-mvc","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/13.ajax-htmx-mvc",{"title":1270,"path":1271,"stem":1272},"Практичний проєкт: Каталог товарів з HTMX","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/htmx-project","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/14.htmx-project",{"title":1274,"path":1275,"stem":1276},"Завантаження та обробка файлів","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/file-upload","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/15.file-upload",{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280},"Глобалізація та Локалізація MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/globalization-localization","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/16.globalization-localization",{"title":1282,"path":1283,"stem":1284},"Підсумковий проєкт: Блог-платформа","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/mvc-project","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/17.mvc-project",{"title":1286,"path":1287,"stem":1288},"План курсу: ASP.NET Core MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/plan",{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292,"children":1293,"page":59},"Web Api","/csharp/aspnet/web-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api",[1294,1298,1302,1306,1310,1314,1318,1322,1326,1330,1334,1338,1342],{"title":1295,"path":1296,"stem":1297},"Від Minimal API до Controller-based API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/from-minimal-api-to-controllers","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/01.from-minimal-api-to-controllers",{"title":1299,"path":1300,"stem":1301},"ControllerBase, ActionResult\u003CT> та Response Types","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/controller-base-actionresult","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/02.controller-base-actionresult",{"title":1303,"path":1304,"stem":1305},"Content Negotiation - JSON, XML та власні форматери","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/content-negotiation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/03.content-negotiation",{"title":1307,"path":1308,"stem":1309},"Версіонування API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/api-versioning","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/04.api-versioning",{"title":1311,"path":1312,"stem":1313},"ProblemDetails та структурована обробка помилок","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/problemdetails-error-handling","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/05.problemdetails-error-handling",{"title":1315,"path":1316,"stem":1317},"Фільтри у Web API контексті","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/filters-for-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/06.filters-for-api",{"title":1319,"path":1320,"stem":1321},"Пагінація, фільтрація та сортування","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/pagination-filtering-sorting","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/07.pagination-filtering-sorting",{"title":1323,"path":1324,"stem":1325},"HATEOAS та Resource Expansion","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/hateoas-resource-expansion","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/08.hateoas-resource-expansion",{"title":1327,"path":1328,"stem":1329},"Гібридна архітектура - Minimal API + Controllers","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/minimal-api-vs-controllers-hybrid","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/09.minimal-api-vs-controllers-hybrid",{"title":1331,"path":1332,"stem":1333},"Документація API - Swashbuckle, NSwag та генерація клієнтів","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/api-documentation-generation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/10.api-documentation-generation",{"title":1335,"path":1336,"stem":1337},"Health Checks та моніторинг API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/health-checks-monitoring","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/11.health-checks-monitoring",{"title":1339,"path":1340,"stem":1341},"Підсумковий проєкт - Production-Ready REST API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/web-api-project","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/12.web-api-project",{"title":1343,"path":1344,"stem":1345},"План курсу: ASP.NET Core Web API (Controllers)","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/plan",{"title":1347,"icon":1348,"path":1349,"stem":1350,"children":1351,"page":59},"Desktop UI","i-lucide-app-window","/csharp/desktop-ui","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui",[1352,1356,1360,1364,1368,1372,1376,1380,1384,1388,1392,1396,1400,1404,1408,1412,1416,1420,1424,1428,1432,1436,1440,1444,1448,1452,1456,1460,1464,1468,1472,1476,1480,1484,1488,1492,1496,1500,1504,1508,1512,1516,1520,1524,1528,1532,1536,1540,1544,1548,1552,1556,1560,1564,1568,1572,1576,1580,1584,1588,1592,1596,1600,1604,1608,1612,1616,1620,1624,1628,1632],{"title":1353,"path":1354,"stem":1355},"Що таке десктопна розробка?","/csharp/desktop-ui/what-is-desktop-dev","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/01.what-is-desktop-dev",{"title":1357,"path":1358,"stem":1359},"Архітектура WPF — як влаштований графічний інтерфейс","/csharp/desktop-ui/wpf-architecture","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/02.wpf-architecture",{"title":1361,"path":1362,"stem":1363},"Перший WPF-проєкт — від нуля до вікна","/csharp/desktop-ui/first-wpf-app","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/03.first-wpf-app",{"title":1365,"path":1366,"stem":1367},"Перший Avalonia-проєкт: WPF для всіх платформ","/csharp/desktop-ui/03a.first-avalonia-app","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/03a.first-avalonia-app",{"title":1369,"path":1370,"stem":1371},"XAML: декларативний інтерфейс","/csharp/desktop-ui/xaml-basics","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04.xaml-basics",{"title":1373,"path":1374,"stem":1375},"Fluent UI у WPF — сучасний дизайн Windows 11","/csharp/desktop-ui/04a.wpf-fluent-ui","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04a.wpf-fluent-ui",{"title":1377,"path":1378,"stem":1379},"WPF UI — сучасна бібліотека Fluent контролів","/csharp/desktop-ui/04b.wpf-ui-library","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04b.wpf-ui-library",{"title":1381,"path":1382,"stem":1383},"HandyControl — велика бібліотека UI контролів для WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/04c.handycontrol-library","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04c.handycontrol-library",{"title":1385,"path":1386,"stem":1387},"Простори імен та ресурси XAML","/csharp/desktop-ui/xaml-namespaces-resources","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/05.xaml-namespaces-resources",{"title":1389,"path":1390,"stem":1391},"XAML в Avalonia: ключові відмінності від WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/05a.avalonia-xaml-differences","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/05a.avalonia-xaml-differences",{"title":1393,"path":1394,"stem":1395},"Розширення розмітки XAML (Markup Extensions)","/csharp/desktop-ui/xaml-markup-extensions","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/06.xaml-markup-extensions",{"title":1397,"path":1398,"stem":1399},"Панелі Layout: StackPanel, WrapPanel, DockPanel","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-panels-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/07.layout-panels-part1",{"title":1401,"path":1402,"stem":1403},"Grid, Canvas, UniformGrid","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-panels-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/07.layout-panels-part2",{"title":1405,"path":1406,"stem":1407},"Просунуті техніки Layout","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-advanced","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/08.layout-advanced",{"title":1409,"path":1410,"stem":1411},"Адаптивний Layout та найкращі практики","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-responsive","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/09.layout-responsive",{"title":1413,"path":1414,"stem":1415},"Layout в Avalonia: відмінності та нові можливості","/csharp/desktop-ui/09a.layout-avalonia","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/09a.layout-avalonia",{"title":1417,"path":1418,"stem":1419},"Button, Image, ProgressBar та інші базові контроли","/csharp/desktop-ui/basic-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/10.basic-controls",{"title":1421,"path":1422,"stem":1423},"Контроли в Avalonia: відмінності від WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/10a.controls-avalonia","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/10a.controls-avalonia",{"title":1425,"path":1426,"stem":1427},"Текстові контроли — TextBlock, TextBox, RichTextBox","/csharp/desktop-ui/text-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/11.text-controls",{"title":1429,"path":1430,"stem":1431},"Контроли вибору — CheckBox, RadioButton, ComboBox, ListBox, DatePicker","/csharp/desktop-ui/selection-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/12.selection-controls",{"title":1433,"path":1434,"stem":1435},"Content Model — GroupBox, Expander, TabControl, StatusBar","/csharp/desktop-ui/content-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/13.content-controls",{"title":1437,"path":1438,"stem":1439},"UI/UX принципи десктопних застосунків","/csharp/desktop-ui/13a.ui-ux-principles","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/13a.ui-ux-principles",{"title":1441,"path":1442,"stem":1443},"Dependency Properties — Концепція та Value Resolution","/csharp/desktop-ui/dependency-properties-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/14.dependency-properties-part1",{"title":1445,"path":1446,"stem":1447},"Avalonia Property System — StyledProperty та DirectProperty","/csharp/desktop-ui/14a.avalonia-property-system","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/14a.avalonia-property-system",{"title":1449,"path":1450,"stem":1451},"Attached Properties — Властивості без меж","/csharp/desktop-ui/attached-properties","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/15.attached-properties",{"title":1453,"path":1454,"stem":1455},"Routed Events — Маршрутизація подій у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/routed-events","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/16.routed-events",{"title":1457,"path":1458,"stem":1459},"Data Binding — Від Code-Behind до Декларативності","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-binding-basics-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/17.data-binding-basics-part1",{"title":1461,"path":1462,"stem":1463},"INotifyPropertyChanged — Живе оновлення UI","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-binding-basics-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/17.data-binding-basics-part2",{"title":1465,"path":1466,"stem":1467},"Compiled Bindings в Avalonia — Безпека на етапі компіляції","/csharp/desktop-ui/17a.avalonia-compiled-bindings","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/17a.avalonia-compiled-bindings",{"title":1469,"path":1470,"stem":1471},"Просунутий Data Binding — ElementName, RelativeSource, MultiBinding","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-binding-advanced","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/18.data-binding-advanced",{"title":1473,"path":1474,"stem":1475},"Value Converters — Перетворення типів даних у Data Binding","/csharp/desktop-ui/value-converters","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/19.value-converters",{"title":1477,"path":1478,"stem":1479},"Data Templates — Візуалізація об'єктів у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-templates","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/20.data-templates",{"title":1481,"path":1482,"stem":1483},"Collections Binding Part 1 — ObservableCollection та ItemsControl","/csharp/desktop-ui/collections-binding-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/21.collections-binding-part1",{"title":1485,"path":1486,"stem":1487},"Collections Binding Part 2 — ICollectionView, Filtering, Sorting та Virtualization","/csharp/desktop-ui/collections-binding-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/21.collections-binding-part2",{"title":1489,"path":1490,"stem":1491},"MVVM Pattern — Від Spaghetti Code до архітектури","/csharp/desktop-ui/mvvm-pattern","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/22.mvvm-pattern",{"title":1493,"path":1494,"stem":1495},"ViewModel Implementation — Від BaseViewModel до валідації","/csharp/desktop-ui/viewmodel-implementation","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/23.viewmodel-implementation",{"title":1497,"path":1498,"stem":1499},"Commands — Від event handlers до декларативних команд","/csharp/desktop-ui/commands","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/24.commands",{"title":1501,"path":1502,"stem":1503},"MVVM Toolkit — MVVM без boilerplate через Source Generators","/csharp/desktop-ui/mvvm-toolkit","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/25.mvvm-toolkit",{"title":1505,"path":1506,"stem":1507},"Messenger Pattern — Комунікація між ViewModel без прямих посилань","/csharp/desktop-ui/messenger-pattern","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/26.messenger-pattern",{"title":1509,"path":1510,"stem":1511},"Стилі WPF — CSS для десктопу","/csharp/desktop-ui/styles-basics","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/27.styles-basics",{"title":1513,"path":1514,"stem":1515},"CSS-like стилі Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/27a.avalonia-css-styling","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/27a.avalonia-css-styling",{"title":1517,"path":1518,"stem":1519},"Control Templates — Частина 1. Концепція та TemplateBinding","/csharp/desktop-ui/control-templates-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/28.control-templates-part1",{"title":1521,"path":1522,"stem":1523},"Control Templates — Частина 2. Named Parts та ContentPresenter","/csharp/desktop-ui/control-templates-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/28.control-templates-part2",{"title":1525,"path":1526,"stem":1527},"Control Themes в Avalonia — нова ера стилізації","/csharp/desktop-ui/28a.avalonia-control-themes","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/28a.avalonia-control-themes",{"title":1529,"path":1530,"stem":1531},"Triggers та Visual State Manager у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/triggers-visual-states","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/29.triggers-visual-states",{"title":1533,"path":1534,"stem":1535},"Pseudo-classes в Avalonia — замість WPF Triggers","/csharp/desktop-ui/29a.avalonia-pseudo-classes","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/29a.avalonia-pseudo-classes",{"title":1537,"path":1538,"stem":1539},"Теми та ресурсні словники у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/resources-themes","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/30.resources-themes",{"title":1541,"path":1542,"stem":1543},"Avalonia Themes — Fluent Design та система тематизації","/csharp/desktop-ui/30a.avalonia-themes-fluent","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/30a.avalonia-themes-fluent",{"title":1545,"path":1546,"stem":1547},"Контроли колекцій — глибоке занурення","/csharp/desktop-ui/collection-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/31.collection-controls",{"title":1549,"path":1550,"stem":1551},"DataGrid — колонки та базове відображення","/csharp/desktop-ui/datagrid-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/32.datagrid-part1",{"title":1553,"path":1554,"stem":1555},"DataGrid — сортування, фільтрація, редагування","/csharp/desktop-ui/datagrid-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/32.datagrid-part2",{"title":1557,"path":1558,"stem":1559},"TreeView та GridView","/csharp/desktop-ui/treeview-listview","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/33.treeview-listview",{"title":1561,"path":1562,"stem":1563},"Меню, Toolbar, ContextMenu, StatusBar","/csharp/desktop-ui/menus-toolbars","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/34.menus-toolbars",{"title":1565,"path":1566,"stem":1567},"Навігація та керування вікнами. Частина 1: вікна та сторінки","/csharp/desktop-ui/navigation-windows-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/35.navigation-windows-part1",{"title":1569,"path":1570,"stem":1571},"Навігація та керування вікнами. Частина 2: MVVM-навігація","/csharp/desktop-ui/navigation-windows-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/35.navigation-windows-part2",{"title":1573,"path":1574,"stem":1575},"Avalonia — Навігація та діалоги","/csharp/desktop-ui/35a.avalonia-navigation-dialogs","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/35a.avalonia-navigation-dialogs",{"title":1577,"path":1578,"stem":1579},"Діалоги та File Pickers у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/dialogs-file-pickers","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/36.dialogs-file-pickers",{"title":1581,"path":1582,"stem":1583},"UserControl: компонентний підхід у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/user-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/37.user-controls",{"title":1585,"path":1586,"stem":1587},"Custom Controls: Lookless Controls у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/custom-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/38.custom-controls",{"title":1589,"path":1590,"stem":1591},"Avalonia TemplatedControl — Lookless Controls","/csharp/desktop-ui/38a.avalonia-templated-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/38a.avalonia-templated-controls",{"title":1593,"path":1594,"stem":1595},"Анімації у WPF: Storyboard та Easing Functions","/csharp/desktop-ui/animations-transitions","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/39.animations-transitions",{"title":1597,"path":1598,"stem":1599},"Анімації в Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/39a.avalonia-animations","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/39a.avalonia-animations",{"title":1601,"path":1602,"stem":1603},"2D Графіка та Мультимедіа у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/media-graphics","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/40.media-graphics",{"title":1605,"path":1606,"stem":1607},"Dependency Injection у WPF та Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/di-integration","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/41.di-integration",{"title":1609,"path":1610,"stem":1611},"SQLite та EF Core у десктопних додатках","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-persistence-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/42.data-persistence-part1",{"title":1613,"path":1614,"stem":1615},"Repository Pattern та Unit of Work","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-persistence-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/43.data-persistence-part2",{"title":1617,"path":1618,"stem":1619},"Тестування ViewModels","/csharp/desktop-ui/viewmodel-testing","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/44.viewmodel-testing",{"title":1621,"path":1622,"stem":1623},"Avalonia Headless Testing — тестування UI без вікон","/csharp/desktop-ui/44a.avalonia-headless-testing","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/44a.avalonia-headless-testing",{"title":1625,"path":1626,"stem":1627},"Кросплатформна розробка з Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/avalonia-cross-platform","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/45.avalonia-cross-platform",{"title":1629,"path":1630,"stem":1631},"Пакування та розгортання Avalonia додатків","/csharp/desktop-ui/avalonia-packaging-deployment","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/46.avalonia-packaging-deployment",{"title":1633,"path":1634,"stem":1635},"Розгортання WPF застосунків","/csharp/desktop-ui/wpf-packaging-deployment","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/47.wpf-packaging-deployment",{"title":1637,"icon":658,"path":1638,"stem":1639,"children":1640,"page":59},"Network Programming","/csharp/network-programming","01.csharp/13.network-programming",[1641,1645,1649],{"title":1642,"path":1643,"stem":1644},"Основи комп'ютерних мереж","/csharp/network-programming/foundations","01.csharp/13.network-programming/01.foundations",{"title":1646,"path":1647,"stem":1648},"Модель OSI та стек TCP/IP","/csharp/network-programming/osi-model","01.csharp/13.network-programming/02.osi-model",{"title":1650,"path":1651,"stem":1652},"IP-протокол та адресація","/csharp/network-programming/ip-addressing","01.csharp/13.network-programming/03.ip-addressing",{"title":1654,"path":1655,"stem":1656},"C# & .NET: The Ultimate Roadmap","/csharp/roadmap","01.csharp/roadmap",{"title":1658,"icon":1659,"path":1660,"stem":1661,"children":1662,"page":59},"C++","i-devicon-cplusplus","/cpp","02.cpp",[1663,1667,1671,1675,1679,1683,1687,1691,1695,1698,1702,1706,1710,1714,1718,1722,1726,1730,1734,1738,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778,1782,1786,1790,1794,1798,1802,1806],{"title":1664,"path":1665,"stem":1666},"Вступ у програмування та алгоритми","/cpp/intro-algorithms","02.cpp/01.intro-algorithms",{"title":1668,"path":1669,"stem":1670},"Code Style: угоди про оформлення коду","/cpp/code-style","02.cpp/02.code-style",{"title":1672,"path":1673,"stem":1674},"Середовище розробки та перший проєкт","/cpp/ide-setup","02.cpp/03.ide-setup",{"title":1676,"path":1677,"stem":1678},"Вивід даних на екран","/cpp/data-output","02.cpp/04.data-output",{"title":1680,"path":1681,"stem":1682},"Типи даних, змінні та константи","/cpp/data-types-variables","02.cpp/05.data-types-variables",{"title":1684,"path":1685,"stem":1686},"Ввід даних з клавіатури","/cpp/data-input","02.cpp/06.data-input",{"title":1688,"path":1689,"stem":1690},"Оператори, перетворення типів та логічні операції","/cpp/operators-type-conversion","02.cpp/07.operators-type-conversion",{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694},"Цикли","/cpp/loops","02.cpp/08.loops",{"title":32,"path":1696,"stem":1697},"/cpp/arrays","02.cpp/09.arrays",{"title":1699,"path":1700,"stem":1701},"Алгоритми сортування та аналіз складності","/cpp/sorting","02.cpp/10.sorting",{"title":1703,"path":1704,"stem":1705},"Алгоритми пошуку","/cpp/searching","02.cpp/11.searching",{"title":1707,"path":1708,"stem":1709},"Функції: основи","/cpp/functions-basics","02.cpp/12.functions-basics",{"title":1711,"path":1712,"stem":1713},"Функції: прототипи, область видимості та додаткові можливості","/cpp/functions-scope","02.cpp/13.functions-scope",{"title":1715,"path":1716,"stem":1717},"Функції: перевантаження та шаблони","/cpp/functions-overloading-templates","02.cpp/14.functions-overloading-templates",{"title":1719,"path":1720,"stem":1721},"Вказівники: основи","/cpp/pointers-basics","02.cpp/15.pointers-basics",{"title":1723,"path":1724,"stem":1725},"Посилання (References)","/cpp/references","02.cpp/16.references",{"title":1727,"path":1728,"stem":1729},"Вказівники, const і масиви","/cpp/pointers-const-arrays","02.cpp/17.pointers-const-arrays",{"title":1731,"path":1732,"stem":1733},"Адресна арифметика","/cpp/pointer-arithmetic","02.cpp/18.pointer-arithmetic",{"title":1735,"path":1736,"stem":1737},"Динамічна пам'ять","/cpp/dynamic-memory","02.cpp/19.dynamic-memory",{"title":1739,"path":1740,"stem":1741},"Вказівники типу void","/cpp/void-pointers","02.cpp/20.void-pointers",{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"Вказівники на вказівники","/cpp/pointers-to-pointers","02.cpp/21.pointers-to-pointers",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"Оператор доступу до членів через вказівник (->)","/cpp/member-access-operator","02.cpp/22.member-access-operator",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"Цикл for-each (Range-based for)","/cpp/foreach-loop","02.cpp/23.foreach-loop",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"Вказівники на функції","/cpp/function-pointers","02.cpp/24.function-pointers",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"Лямбда-вирази","/cpp/lambdas","02.cpp/25.lambdas",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"Лямбда-захоплення","/cpp/lambda-captures","02.cpp/26.lambda-captures",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"Еліпсис","/cpp/ellipsis","02.cpp/27.ellipsis",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"Аргументи командного рядка","/cpp/command-line-arguments","02.cpp/28.command-line-arguments",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"Перерахування (enum)","/cpp/enum","02.cpp/29.enum",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"Класи-перерахування (enum class)","/cpp/enum-class","02.cpp/30.enum-class",{"title":1783,"path":1784,"stem":1785},"Псевдоніми типів (typedef і using)","/cpp/type-aliases","02.cpp/31.type-aliases",{"title":1787,"path":1788,"stem":1789},"Системи числення та двійкова арифметика","/cpp/number-systems","02.cpp/32.number-systems",{"title":1791,"path":1792,"stem":1793},"Структури (struct): агрегування даних","/cpp/struct","02.cpp/33.struct",{"title":1795,"path":1796,"stem":1797},"Структури у функціях","/cpp/struct-functions","02.cpp/34.struct-functions",{"title":1799,"path":1800,"stem":1801},"Масиви структур і вкладені структури","/cpp/struct-arrays","02.cpp/35.struct-arrays",{"title":1803,"path":1804,"stem":1805},"Патерни struct та межі застосування","/cpp/struct-patterns","02.cpp/36.struct-patterns",{"title":1807,"path":1808,"stem":1809},"План навчання: Курс C++ — Продовження (Статті 29–60+)","/cpp/curriculum-plan","02.cpp/curriculum-plan",{"title":1811,"icon":1812,"path":1813,"stem":1814,"children":1815,"page":59},"JavaScript","i-devicon-javascript","/javascript","03.javascript",[1816,1842,1896,1918,2222,2260],{"title":1817,"icon":1818,"path":1819,"stem":1820,"children":1821,"page":59},"Events","i-lucide-mouse-pointer-click","/javascript/events","03.javascript/01.events",[1822,1826,1830,1834,1838],{"title":1823,"path":1824,"stem":1825},"Вступ до подій браузера","/javascript/events/intro","03.javascript/01.events/01.intro",{"title":1827,"path":1828,"stem":1829},"Бульбашковий механізм (Bubbling) та занурення (Capturing)","/javascript/events/bubbling-capturing","03.javascript/01.events/02.bubbling-capturing",{"title":1831,"path":1832,"stem":1833},"Делегування подій (Event Delegation)","/javascript/events/delegate-events","03.javascript/01.events/03.delegate-events",{"title":1835,"path":1836,"stem":1837},"Типові дії браузера та preventDefault()","/javascript/events/prevent-default","03.javascript/01.events/04.prevent-default",{"title":1839,"path":1840,"stem":1841},"Запуск користувацьких подій (Custom Events)","/javascript/events/custom-events","03.javascript/01.events/05.custom-events",{"title":1843,"icon":1844,"path":1845,"stem":1846,"children":1847,"page":59},"Network","i-lucide-globe","/javascript/network","03.javascript/02.network",[1848,1852,1856,1860,1864,1868,1872,1876,1880,1884,1888,1892],{"title":1849,"path":1850,"stem":1851},"Fetch API - Сучасний підхід до HTTP-запитів","/javascript/network/01-fetch-api","03.javascript/02.network/01-fetch-api",{"title":1853,"path":1854,"stem":1855},"FormData - Робота з формами та файлами","/javascript/network/02-formdata","03.javascript/02.network/02-formdata",{"title":1857,"path":1858,"stem":1859},"Відстеження прогресу завантаження","/javascript/network/03-download-progress","03.javascript/02.network/03-download-progress",{"title":1861,"path":1862,"stem":1863},"Переривання fetch-запитів","/javascript/network/04-abort-requests","03.javascript/02.network/04-abort-requests",{"title":1865,"path":1866,"stem":1867},"CORS - Запити між різними джерелами","/javascript/network/05-cors","03.javascript/02.network/05-cors",{"title":1869,"path":1870,"stem":1871},"Fetch API - Повний довідник опцій","/javascript/network/06-fetch-options","03.javascript/02.network/06-fetch-options",{"title":1873,"path":1874,"stem":1875},"URL Objects - Робота з посиланнями","/javascript/network/07-url-objects","03.javascript/02.network/07-url-objects",{"title":1877,"path":1878,"stem":1879},"XMLHttpRequest - AJAX та низькорівневі запити","/javascript/network/08-xmlhttprequest","03.javascript/02.network/08-xmlhttprequest",{"title":1881,"path":1882,"stem":1883},"Відновлюване завантаження файлів","/javascript/network/09-resumable-upload","03.javascript/02.network/09-resumable-upload",{"title":1885,"path":1886,"stem":1887},"Cookies, document.cookie та світ після \"Cookiepocalypse\"","/javascript/network/10-cookies","03.javascript/02.network/10-cookies",{"title":1889,"path":1890,"stem":1891},"js-cookie: Керування Cookies без Болю","/javascript/network/11-js-cookie","03.javascript/02.network/11-js-cookie",{"title":1893,"path":1894,"stem":1895},"Axios: Потужний HTTP-клієнт для JavaScript","/javascript/network/12-axios","03.javascript/02.network/12-axios",{"title":1897,"icon":1898,"path":1899,"stem":1900,"children":1901,"page":59},"Bom","i-lucide-monitor","/javascript/bom","03.javascript/03.bom",[1902,1906,1910,1914],{"title":1903,"path":1904,"stem":1905},"LocalStorage, SessionStorage та patterns збереження даних","/javascript/bom/01-localstorage","03.javascript/03.bom/01-localstorage",{"title":1907,"path":1908,"stem":1909},"Location Object - Керування адресою сторінки","/javascript/bom/02-location-object","03.javascript/03.bom/02-location-object",{"title":1911,"path":1912,"stem":1913},"History API - Керування історією браузера","/javascript/bom/03-history-api","03.javascript/03.bom/03-history-api",{"title":1915,"path":1916,"stem":1917},"Navigator Object - Ідентифікація та Можливості Пристрою","/javascript/bom/04-navigator-object","03.javascript/03.bom/04-navigator-object",{"title":1919,"icon":1920,"path":1921,"stem":1922,"children":1923},"React","i-devicon-react","/javascript/react","03.javascript/04.react/index",[1924,1925,1929,1933,1937,1941,2004,2039,2191],{"title":1919,"path":1921,"stem":1922},{"title":1926,"path":1927,"stem":1928},"Робота з Формами в React","/javascript/react/react-forms","03.javascript/04.react/01.react-forms",{"title":1930,"path":1931,"stem":1932},"React Hook Form: Професійна Робота з Формами","/javascript/react/react-hook-form","03.javascript/04.react/02.react-hook-form",{"title":1934,"path":1935,"stem":1936},"React Hook Form: Глибоке Розуміння Архітектури та Оптимізації","/javascript/react/react-hook-form-new","03.javascript/04.react/02.react-hook-form-new",{"title":1938,"path":1939,"stem":1940},"Axios та React: Професійна Архітектура Запитів","/javascript/react/data-fetching-axios","03.javascript/04.react/03.data-fetching-axios",{"title":1942,"icon":132,"path":1943,"stem":1944,"children":1945},"Tanstack Query","/javascript/react/tanstack-query","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/index",[1946,1948,1952,1956,1960,1964,1968,1972,1976,1980,1984,1988,1992,1996,2000],{"title":1947,"path":1943,"stem":1944},"TanStack Query: Майстерність Керування Станом Сервера",{"title":1949,"path":1950,"stem":1951},"Парадигма Server State: Чому useEffect недостатньо","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/server-state-paradigm","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/01.server-state-paradigm",{"title":1953,"path":1954,"stem":1955},"Встановлення та Налаштування: Фундамент","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/installation-and-devtools","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/02.installation-and-devtools",{"title":1957,"path":1958,"stem":1959},"Основи Запитів та Магія Ключів","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/query-basics-and-keys","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/03.query-basics-and-keys",{"title":1961,"path":1962,"stem":1963},"Синхронізація Даних: Життєвий Цикл Запиту","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/data-synchronization","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/04.data-synchronization",{"title":1965,"path":1966,"stem":1967},"Мутації та Інвалідація: Зміна Даних","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/mutations-and-invalidation","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/05.mutations-and-invalidation",{"title":1969,"path":1970,"stem":1971},"Оптимістичні Оновлення: Швидше за Світло","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/optimistic-updates","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/06.optimistic-updates",{"title":1973,"path":1974,"stem":1975},"Пагінація та Infinite Scroll","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/pagination-and-load-more","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/07.pagination-and-load-more",{"title":1977,"path":1978,"stem":1979},"Просунуті Патерни та Оптимізація","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/advanced-patterns","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/08.advanced-patterns",{"title":1981,"path":1982,"stem":1983},"Архітектура та Best Practices","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/architecture-and-best-practices","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/09.architecture-and-best-practices",{"title":1985,"path":1986,"stem":1987},"Server-Side Rendering (SSR) та Гідратація","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/server-side-rendering","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/10.server-side-rendering",{"title":1989,"path":1990,"stem":1991},"Стратегії Тестування","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/testing-strategies","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/11.testing-strategies",{"title":1993,"path":1994,"stem":1995},"Аутентифікація та Обробка Помилок","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/authentication-and-errors","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/12.authentication-and-errors",{"title":1997,"path":1998,"stem":1999},"React Suspense та Майбутнє","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/react-suspense","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/13.react-suspense",{"title":2001,"path":2002,"stem":2003},"Глибоке Занурення в Продуктивність","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/performance-deep-dive","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/14.performance-deep-dive",{"title":2005,"icon":1920,"path":2006,"stem":2007,"children":2008},"React Router","/javascript/react/react-router","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/index",[2009,2011,2015,2019,2023,2027,2031,2035],{"title":2010,"path":2006,"stem":2007},"React Router: Навігаційна система сучасного вебу",{"title":2012,"path":2013,"stem":2014},"Налаштування та Базовий Роутинг","/javascript/react/react-router/setup-and-basic-routing","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/01.setup-and-basic-routing",{"title":2016,"path":2017,"stem":2018},"Динамічна Навігація","/javascript/react/react-router/navigation-and-links","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/02.navigation-and-links",{"title":2020,"path":2021,"stem":2022},"Вкладені Маршрути та Макети","/javascript/react/react-router/nested-routes-and-layouts","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/03.nested-routes-and-layouts",{"title":2024,"path":2025,"stem":2026},"Динамічні Маршрути та Параметри","/javascript/react/react-router/dynamic-routing","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/04.dynamic-routing",{"title":2028,"path":2029,"stem":2030},"Data APIs: Loaders та Actions","/javascript/react/react-router/data-loading","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/05.data-loading",{"title":2032,"path":2033,"stem":2034},"Просунуті Патерни","/javascript/react/react-router/advanced-patterns","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/06.advanced-patterns",{"title":2036,"path":2037,"stem":2038},"Legacy Routing: Компонентний підхід","/javascript/react/react-router/legacy-routing","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/07.legacy-routing",{"title":2040,"icon":132,"path":2041,"stem":2042,"children":2043},"Redux","/javascript/react/redux","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/index",[2044,2046,2062,2091,2100,2121,2137,2166],{"title":2045,"path":2041,"stem":2042},"Redux: Еволюція управління станом",{"title":14,"icon":15,"path":2047,"stem":2048,"children":2049,"page":59},"/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals",[2050,2054,2058],{"title":2051,"path":2052,"stem":2053},"Вступ до State Management","/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals/intro-state-management","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals/01.intro-state-management",{"title":2055,"path":2056,"stem":2057},"Філософія Redux та Три Принципи","/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals/redux-philosophy","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals/02.redux-philosophy",{"title":2059,"path":2060,"stem":2061},"Чисті функції та Іммутабельність","/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals/pure-functions-immutability","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals/03.pure-functions-immutability",{"title":2063,"icon":132,"path":2064,"stem":2065,"children":2066,"page":59},"Classic Redux","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux",[2067,2071,2075,2079,2083,2087],{"title":2068,"path":2069,"stem":2070},"Створення Store (Classic Redux)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/store-setup","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/01.store-setup",{"title":2072,"path":2073,"stem":2074},"Actions, Constants та Action Creators","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/actions-constants","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/02.actions-constants",{"title":2076,"path":2077,"stem":2078},"Логіка Reducers","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/reducers","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/03.reducers",{"title":2080,"path":2081,"stem":2082},"Комбінування Reducers (Root Reducer)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/data-flow","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/04.data-flow",{"title":2084,"path":2085,"stem":2086},"Підключення до React (React-Redux)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/react-redux-connection","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/05.react-redux-connection",{"title":2088,"path":2089,"stem":2090},"Middleware та Асинхронність (Redux Thunk)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/middleware-thunk","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/06.middleware-thunk",{"title":2092,"icon":132,"path":2093,"stem":2094,"children":2095,"page":59},"Transition To Rtk","/javascript/react/redux/transition-to-rtk","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/03.transition-to-rtk",[2096],{"title":2097,"path":2098,"stem":2099},"Проблеми класичного Redux","/javascript/react/redux/transition-to-rtk/problems-with-classic","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/03.transition-to-rtk/01.problems-with-classic",{"title":2101,"icon":132,"path":2102,"stem":2103,"children":2104,"page":59},"Redux Toolkit","/javascript/react/redux/redux-toolkit","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/04.redux-toolkit",[2105,2109,2113,2117],{"title":2106,"path":2107,"stem":2108},"Налаштування Store з configureStore","/javascript/react/redux/redux-toolkit/configure-store","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/04.redux-toolkit/01.configure-store",{"title":2110,"path":2111,"stem":2112},"createSlice: Революція в Redux","/javascript/react/redux/redux-toolkit/create-slice","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/04.redux-toolkit/02.create-slice",{"title":2114,"path":2115,"stem":2116},"Асинхронність з createAsyncThunk","/javascript/react/redux/redux-toolkit/async-thunks","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/04.redux-toolkit/03.async-thunks",{"title":2118,"path":2119,"stem":2120},"04. 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БД?","/java/pr2/beyond-relational","04.java/pr2/07.beyond-relational",{"title":2326,"path":2327,"stem":2328},"Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch: Два світи, що не хочуть дружити","/java/pr2/impedance-mismatch","04.java/pr2/09.impedance-mismatch",{"title":2330,"path":2331,"stem":2332},"JDBC: Перший контакт із базою даних","/java/pr2/jdbc-fundamentals","04.java/pr2/10.jdbc-fundamentals",{"title":2334,"path":2335,"stem":2336},"Якість коду: Spotless, SpotBugs та SonarQube","/java/pr2/10a.code-quality","04.java/pr2/10a.code-quality",{"title":2338,"path":2339,"stem":2340},"Connection Pool: Патерн Object Pool для JDBC-з'єднань","/java/pr2/connection-pool","04.java/pr2/11.connection-pool",{"title":2342,"path":2343,"stem":2344},"Row Data Gateway: Об'єкт як обгортка рядка таблиці","/java/pr2/row-data-gateway","04.java/pr2/12.row-data-gateway",{"title":2346,"path":2347,"stem":2348},"Table Data Gateway: Фасад таблиці як архітектурний відступ","/java/pr2/table-data-gateway","04.java/pr2/13.table-data-gateway",{"title":2350,"path":2351,"stem":2352},"Repository + Data Mapper: Правильна шарова архітектура з JDBC","/java/pr2/repository-data-mapper","04.java/pr2/14.repository-data-mapper",{"title":2354,"path":2355,"stem":2356},"Identity Map: Кешування сутностей у рамках сесії","/java/pr2/identity-map","04.java/pr2/15.identity-map",{"title":2358,"path":2359,"stem":2360},"Unit of Work: Відстеження змін і координація JDBC-транзакцій","/java/pr2/unit-of-work","04.java/pr2/16.unit-of-work",{"title":2362,"path":2363,"stem":2364},"Strategy: Замінювані SQL-стратегії для підтримки різних СУБД","/java/pr2/strategy-sql","04.java/pr2/17.strategy-sql",{"title":2366,"path":2367,"stem":2368},"Proxy: Lazy Loading для One-To-Many колекцій","/java/pr2/proxy-lazy-loading","04.java/pr2/18.proxy-lazy-loading",{"title":2370,"path":2371,"stem":2372},"Generic Repository через Java Reflection: анотації та динамічний SQL","/java/pr2/generic-repository-reflection","04.java/pr2/19.generic-repository-reflection",{"title":2374,"path":2375,"stem":2376},"Specification Pattern: Композиція бізнес-правил для складних запитів","/java/pr2/specification-pattern","04.java/pr2/20.specification-pattern",{"title":2378,"path":2379,"stem":2380},"Розширені можливості Specification Pattern: підзапити, агрегації та гібридний підхід","/java/pr2/20a.advanced-specifications","04.java/pr2/20a.advanced-specifications",{"title":2382,"path":2383,"stem":2384},"Асинхронність у JDBC: Від блокуючих викликів до CompletableFuture","/java/pr2/asynchronous-jdbc","04.java/pr2/21.asynchronous-jdbc",{"title":2386,"path":2387,"stem":2388},"Інтеграційне тестування JDBC-репозиторіїв: Embedded H2 та патерн AAA","/java/pr2/integration-testing-h2","04.java/pr2/22.integration-testing-h2",{"title":2390,"path":2391,"stem":2392},"Testcontainers: Тестування з реальною PostgreSQL у Docker-контейнерах","/java/pr2/integration-testing-testcontainers","04.java/pr2/23.integration-testing-testcontainers",{"title":2394,"path":2395,"stem":2396},"Google Guice: Впровадження залежностей у JavaFX-проєкті","/java/pr2/dependency-injection-guice","04.java/pr2/24.dependency-injection-guice",{"title":2398,"path":2399,"stem":2400},"JavaFX: Основи побудови графічних інтерфейсів","/java/pr2/javafx-fundamentals","04.java/pr2/25.javafx-fundamentals",{"title":2402,"path":2403,"stem":2404},"Properties та Bindings: Реактивність у JavaFX","/java/pr2/javafx-properties-bindings","04.java/pr2/26.javafx-properties-bindings",{"title":2406,"path":2407,"stem":2408},"MVC vs MVP vs MVVM: Еволюція архітектурних патернів UI","/java/pr2/ui-architecture-patterns","04.java/pr2/27.ui-architecture-patterns",{"title":2410,"path":2411,"stem":2412},"MVVM на практиці: Побудова ViewModel","/java/pr2/mvvm-viewmodel-implementation","04.java/pr2/28.mvvm-viewmodel-implementation",{"title":2414,"path":2415,"stem":2416},"View та Controller: Зв'язування з ViewModel через FXML","/java/pr2/mvvm-view-controller","04.java/pr2/29.mvvm-view-controller",{"title":2418,"path":2419,"stem":2420},"Інтеграція MVVM з Guice: Автоматична ін'єкція залежностей","/java/pr2/mvvm-guice-integration","04.java/pr2/30.mvvm-guice-integration",{"title":2422,"path":2423,"stem":2424},"Валідація та обробка помилок у MVVM","/java/pr2/mvvm-validation-error-handling","04.java/pr2/31.mvvm-validation-error-handling",{"title":2426,"path":2427,"stem":2428},"Навігація та управління екранами у JavaFX MVVM","/java/pr2/mvvm-navigation-screen-management","04.java/pr2/32.mvvm-navigation-screen-management",{"title":2430,"path":2431,"stem":2432},"Тестування JavaFX MVVM-додатків","/java/pr2/mvvm-testing","04.java/pr2/33.mvvm-testing",{"title":2434,"path":2435,"stem":2436},"Стилізація та теми у JavaFX: CSS та User Experience","/java/pr2/javafx-styling-themes","04.java/pr2/34.javafx-styling-themes",{"title":2438,"path":2439,"stem":2440},"AtlantaFX: Сучасні теми для JavaFX додатків","/java/pr2/atlantafx-modern-themes","04.java/pr2/35.atlantafx-modern-themes",{"title":2442,"path":2443,"stem":2444},"Пакування та розповсюдження JavaFX-додатків","/java/pr2/jar-packaging-distribution","04.java/pr2/36.jar-packaging-distribution",{"title":2446,"icon":2447,"path":2448,"stem":2449,"children":2450,"page":59},"Бази даних","i-lucide-database","/databases","06.databases",[2451,2481,2504,2541,2570,2588,2622,2634,2643],{"title":2452,"icon":2453,"path":2454,"stem":2455,"children":2456,"page":59},"Intro","i-lucide-play","/databases/intro","06.databases/01.intro",[2457,2461,2465,2469,2473,2477],{"title":2458,"path":2459,"stem":2460},"Введення в теорію баз даних","/databases/intro/introduction-to-databases","06.databases/01.intro/01.introduction-to-databases",{"title":2462,"path":2463,"stem":2464},"Реляційна модель даних","/databases/intro/relational-model-theory","06.databases/01.intro/02.relational-model-theory",{"title":2466,"path":2467,"stem":2468},"ER-моделювання","/databases/intro/er-modeling","06.databases/01.intro/03.er-modeling",{"title":2470,"path":2471,"stem":2472},"Логічне проектування БД","/databases/intro/logical-schema","06.databases/01.intro/04.logical-schema",{"title":2474,"path":2475,"stem":2476},"Класифікація таблиць","/databases/intro/table-classification","06.databases/01.intro/05.table-classification",{"title":2478,"path":2479,"stem":2480},"PlantUML для баз даних","/databases/intro/plantuml-diagrams","06.databases/01.intro/06.plantuml-diagrams",{"title":2482,"icon":2447,"path":2483,"stem":2484,"children":2485,"page":59},"MS SQL Server Start","/databases/ms-sql-server-start","06.databases/02.ms-sql-server-start",[2486,2490,2496,2500],{"title":2487,"path":2488,"stem":2489},"Типи даних у MS SQL Server","/databases/ms-sql-server-start/data-types","06.databases/02.ms-sql-server-start/01.data-types",{"title":2491,"path":2492,"stem":2493,"children":2494},"Індекси у MS SQL Server","/databases/ms-sql-server-start/sql-indexes","06.databases/02.ms-sql-server-start/02.sql-indexes",[2495],{"title":2491,"path":2492,"stem":2493},{"title":2497,"path":2498,"stem":2499},"Системні бази даних MS SQL Server","/databases/ms-sql-server-start/system-databases","06.databases/02.ms-sql-server-start/03.system-databases",{"title":2501,"path":2502,"stem":2503},"Огляд мови SQL та запитів","/databases/ms-sql-server-start/sql-queries-overview","06.databases/02.ms-sql-server-start/04.sql-queries-overview",{"title":2505,"icon":2447,"path":2506,"stem":2507,"children":2508,"page":59},"SQL","/databases/sql","06.databases/03.sql",[2509,2513,2517,2521,2525,2529,2533,2537],{"title":2510,"path":2511,"stem":2512},"Налаштування демонстраційної бази даних","/databases/sql/sample-database-setup","06.databases/03.sql/00.sample-database-setup",{"title":2514,"path":2515,"stem":2516},"DDL - Створення таблиць (CREATE TABLE)","/databases/sql/ddl-create-table","06.databases/03.sql/01.ddl-create-table",{"title":2518,"path":2519,"stem":2520},"DDL - Зміна та видалення таблиць (ALTER, DROP)","/databases/sql/ddl-alter-drop-table","06.databases/03.sql/02.ddl-alter-drop-table",{"title":2522,"path":2523,"stem":2524},"SELECT запити - Основи","/databases/sql/select-queries-fundamentals","06.databases/03.sql/03.select-queries-fundamentals",{"title":2526,"path":2527,"stem":2528},"SELECT запити - Розширені можливості","/databases/sql/select-queries-advanced","06.databases/03.sql/04.select-queries-advanced",{"title":2530,"path":2531,"stem":2532},"INSERT запити - Додавання даних","/databases/sql/insert-queries","06.databases/03.sql/05.insert-queries",{"title":2534,"path":2535,"stem":2536},"UPDATE та DELETE 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Server","/databases/aggregate-functions/introduction-aggregate-functions","06.databases/05.aggregate-functions/01.introduction-aggregate-functions",{"title":2581,"path":2582,"stem":2583},"Групування даних в MS SQL Server","/databases/aggregate-functions/grouping-data","06.databases/05.aggregate-functions/02.grouping-data",{"title":2585,"path":2586,"stem":2587},"Підзапити з агрегатними функціями","/databases/aggregate-functions/subqueries-aggregates","06.databases/05.aggregate-functions/03.subqueries-aggregates",{"title":2589,"icon":2590,"path":2591,"stem":2592,"children":2593,"page":59},"Тригери та зберігаємі процедури","i-lucide-database-zap","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures",[2594,2598,2602,2606,2610,2614,2618],{"title":2595,"path":2596,"stem":2597},"DML-тригери","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/dml-triggers","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/01.dml-triggers",{"title":2599,"path":2600,"stem":2601},"DDL-тригери","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/ddl-triggers","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/02.ddl-triggers",{"title":2603,"path":2604,"stem":2605},"Transact-SQL розширення","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/transact-sql-extensions","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/03.transact-sql-extensions",{"title":2607,"path":2608,"stem":2609},"Транзакції","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/transactions","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/04.transactions",{"title":2611,"path":2612,"stem":2613},"Зберігаємі процедури","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/stored-procedures","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/05.stored-procedures",{"title":2615,"path":2616,"stem":2617},"Користувацькі функції","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/user-defined-functions","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/06.user-defined-functions",{"title":2619,"path":2620,"stem":2621},"Безпека баз даних","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/security","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/08.security",{"title":2619,"icon":793,"path":2623,"stem":2624,"children":2625,"page":59},"/databases/security","06.databases/08.security",[2626,2630],{"title":2627,"path":2628,"stem":2629},"Вступ до безпеки баз даних","/databases/security/introduction","06.databases/08.security/01.introduction",{"title":2631,"path":2632,"stem":2633},"Системні представлення та метадані","/databases/security/system-views","06.databases/08.security/02.system-views",{"title":2635,"icon":2636,"path":2637,"stem":2638,"children":2639,"page":59},"Резервне копіювання та відновлення","i-lucide-database-backup","/databases/backup-recovery","06.databases/09.backup-recovery",[2640],{"title":2635,"path":2641,"stem":2642},"/databases/backup-recovery/backup-restore","06.databases/09.backup-recovery/01.backup-restore",{"title":2644,"icon":2645,"path":2646,"stem":2647,"children":2648,"page":59},"Повнотекстовий пошук","i-lucide-search","/databases/full-text-search","06.databases/10.full-text-search",[2649],{"title":2644,"path":2650,"stem":2651},"/databases/full-text-search/full-text-search","06.databases/10.full-text-search/01.full-text-search",{"title":2653,"icon":2654,"path":2655,"stem":2656,"children":2657,"page":59},"Tools","i-lucide-wrench","/tools","07.tools",[2658,2734],{"title":2659,"icon":2660,"path":2661,"stem":2662,"children":2663},"Docker","i-simple-icons-docker","/tools/docker","07.tools/01.docker/index",[2664,2666,2670,2674,2678,2682,2686,2690,2694,2698,2702,2706,2710,2714,2718,2722,2726,2730],{"title":2665,"path":2661,"stem":2662},"Docker: від нуля до production",{"title":2667,"path":2668,"stem":2669},"Контейнеризація — від проблеми до рішення","/tools/docker/containerization-concept","07.tools/01.docker/01.containerization-concept",{"title":2671,"path":2672,"stem":2673},"Docker — що це і навіщо?","/tools/docker/docker-what-and-why","07.tools/01.docker/02.docker-what-and-why",{"title":2675,"path":2676,"stem":2677},"Архітектура Docker Engine","/tools/docker/docker-architecture","07.tools/01.docker/03.docker-architecture",{"title":2679,"path":2680,"stem":2681},"Встановлення Docker","/tools/docker/installation","07.tools/01.docker/04.installation",{"title":2683,"path":2684,"stem":2685},"Перший контейнер — docker run","/tools/docker/first-container","07.tools/01.docker/05.first-container",{"title":2687,"path":2688,"stem":2689},"Життєвий цикл контейнера","/tools/docker/container-lifecycle","07.tools/01.docker/06.container-lifecycle",{"title":2691,"path":2692,"stem":2693},"Docker Images — фундаментальні концепції","/tools/docker/docker-images-fundamentals","07.tools/01.docker/07.docker-images-fundamentals",{"title":2695,"path":2696,"stem":2697},"Dockerfile — основи","/tools/docker/dockerfile-basics","07.tools/01.docker/08.dockerfile-basics",{"title":2699,"path":2700,"stem":2701},"Dockerfile — просунуті техніки","/tools/docker/dockerfile-advanced","07.tools/01.docker/09.dockerfile-advanced",{"title":2703,"path":2704,"stem":2705},"Build Context та кешування шарів","/tools/docker/build-context-and-cache","07.tools/01.docker/10.build-context-and-cache",{"title":2707,"path":2708,"stem":2709},"Реєстри Docker-образів","/tools/docker/image-registries","07.tools/01.docker/11.image-registries",{"title":2711,"path":2712,"stem":2713},"Контейнеризація .NET додатків","/tools/docker/dotnet-containerization","07.tools/01.docker/12.dotnet-containerization",{"title":2715,"path":2716,"stem":2717},"Томи та збереження даних","/tools/docker/volumes-and-data","07.tools/01.docker/13.volumes-and-data",{"title":2719,"path":2720,"stem":2721},"Основи мережі в Docker","/tools/docker/networking-basics","07.tools/01.docker/14.networking-basics",{"title":2723,"path":2724,"stem":2725},"Змінні оточення та конфігурація","/tools/docker/environment-and-configuration","07.tools/01.docker/15.environment-and-configuration",{"title":2727,"path":2728,"stem":2729},"Docker Compose — оркестрація контейнерів","/tools/docker/docker-compose-basics","07.tools/01.docker/16.docker-compose-basics",{"title":2731,"path":2732,"stem":2733},"Docker Compose — Multi-Service застосунки","/tools/docker/compose-multi-service","07.tools/01.docker/17.compose-multi-service",{"title":2735,"icon":2736,"path":2737,"stem":2738,"children":2739},"Kubernetes","simple-icons:kubernetes","/tools/kubernetes","07.tools/02.kubernetes/index",[2740,2742,2746,2750,2754,2758,2762,2766,2770],{"title":2741,"path":2737,"stem":2738},"Kubernetes: від розробки до production",{"title":2743,"path":2744,"stem":2745},"Kubernetes — коли Docker Compose більше не вистачає","/tools/kubernetes/why-kubernetes","07.tools/02.kubernetes/01.why-kubernetes",{"title":2747,"path":2748,"stem":2749},"Архітектура Kubernetes — анатомія кластера","/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture","07.tools/02.kubernetes/02.kubernetes-architecture",{"title":2751,"path":2752,"stem":2753},"Локальне середовище — minikube, kind та k3s","/tools/kubernetes/local-environment","07.tools/02.kubernetes/03.local-environment",{"title":2755,"path":2756,"stem":2757},"Pod — атомарна одиниця Kubernetes","/tools/kubernetes/pods-and-containers","07.tools/02.kubernetes/04.pods-and-containers",{"title":2759,"path":2760,"stem":2761},"Патерни використання Pod","/tools/kubernetes/pod-patterns","07.tools/02.kubernetes/05.pod-patterns",{"title":2763,"path":2764,"stem":2765},"Deployment — декларативне управління Pod","/tools/kubernetes/deployment-basics","07.tools/02.kubernetes/06.deployment-basics",{"title":2767,"path":2768,"stem":2769},"Rolling Updates та управління життєвим циклом Deployment","/tools/kubernetes/deployment-rolling-updates","07.tools/02.kubernetes/07.deployment-rolling-updates",{"title":2771,"path":2772,"stem":2773},"Service — мережева абстракція для Pod","/tools/kubernetes/services-networking","07.tools/02.kubernetes/08.services-networking",{"title":2775,"icon":2776,"path":2777,"stem":2778,"children":2779,"page":59},"Software Engineering","i-lucide-code-2","/software-engineering","09.software-engineering",[2780,2784,2788,2792,2796,2800,2804,2808,2812,2816,2820],{"title":2781,"path":2782,"stem":2783},"1. Аналіз предметної області. Експертні знання та складність","/software-engineering/intro-subdomains","09.software-engineering/01.intro-subdomains",{"title":2785,"path":2786,"stem":2787},"2. Обмежені контексти. Інтеграція обмежених контекстів","/software-engineering/integrating-limited-contexts","09.software-engineering/02.integrating-limited-contexts",{"title":2789,"path":2790,"stem":2791},"3. Реалізація простої бізнес-логіки","/software-engineering/simple","09.software-engineering/03.simple",{"title":2793,"path":2794,"stem":2795},"4. Опрацювання складної бізнес-логіки","/software-engineering/complex-business-logic","09.software-engineering/04.complex-business-logic",{"title":2797,"path":2798,"stem":2799},"5. Моделювання фактора часу. Подієво-орієнтована архітектура.","/software-engineering/modelling-the-time-factor","09.software-engineering/05.modelling-the-time-factor",{"title":2801,"path":2802,"stem":2803},"6. Архітектурні патерни","/software-engineering/architectural-patterns","09.software-engineering/06.architectural-patterns",{"title":2805,"path":2806,"stem":2807},"Паттерни взаємодії","/software-engineering/patterns-of-interaction","09.software-engineering/07.patterns-of-interaction",{"title":2809,"path":2810,"stem":2811},"Евристика проєктування","/software-engineering/design-heuristics","09.software-engineering/08.design-heuristics",{"title":2813,"path":2814,"stem":2815},"Еволюція проєктних рішень","/software-engineering/evolution-of-design-solutions","09.software-engineering/09.evolution-of-design-solutions",{"title":2817,"path":2818,"stem":2819},"EventStorming","/software-engineering/eventstorming","09.software-engineering/10.eventstorming",{"title":2821,"path":2822,"stem":2823},"DDD на практиці","/software-engineering/ddd-in-practice","09.software-engineering/11.ddd-in-practice",{"title":2825,"icon":943,"path":2826,"stem":2827,"children":2828,"page":59},"DDD","/ddd","10.ddd",[2829,2833,2837,2841,2845,2849,2853,2857,2861,2865,2869,2873,2877],{"title":2830,"path":2831,"stem":2832},"Аналіз предметної області","/ddd/domain-analysis","10.ddd/01.domain-analysis",{"title":2834,"path":2835,"stem":2836},"Експертні знання про предметну область","/ddd/domain-expert-knowledge","10.ddd/02.domain-expert-knowledge",{"title":2838,"path":2839,"stem":2840},"Як осмислити складність предметної області","/ddd/managing-domain-complexity","10.ddd/03.managing-domain-complexity",{"title":2842,"path":2843,"stem":2844},"Інтеграція обмежених контекстів","/ddd/bounded-context-integration","10.ddd/04.bounded-context-integration",{"title":2846,"path":2847,"stem":2848},"Реалізація простої бізнес-логіки","/ddd/simple-business-logic","10.ddd/05.simple-business-logic",{"title":2850,"path":2851,"stem":2852},"Обробка складної бізнес-логіки","/ddd/complex-business-logic","10.ddd/06.complex-business-logic",{"title":2854,"path":2855,"stem":2856},"Моделювання фактора часу","/ddd/time-modeling","10.ddd/07.time-modeling",{"title":2858,"path":2859,"stem":2860},"Глава 8. Архітектурні Патерни","/ddd/architectural-patterns","10.ddd/08.architectural-patterns",{"title":2862,"path":2863,"stem":2864},"Глава 9. Патерни Взаємодії","/ddd/interaction-patterns","10.ddd/09.interaction-patterns",{"title":2866,"path":2867,"stem":2868},"Глава 10. Проектні Евристики","/ddd/design-heuristics","10.ddd/10.design-heuristics",{"title":2870,"path":2871,"stem":2872},"Глава 11. Еволюція Проектних Рішень","/ddd/evolution-of-design-decisions","10.ddd/11.evolution-of-design-decisions",{"title":2874,"path":2875,"stem":2876},"Глава 12. EventStorming","/ddd/event-storming","10.ddd/12.event-storming",{"title":2878,"path":2879,"stem":2880},"Глава 13. DDD на Практиці","/ddd/ddd-in-practice","10.ddd/13.ddd-in-practice",{"title":2882,"icon":2883,"path":2884,"stem":2885,"children":2886,"page":59},"Media Streaming","i-lucide-video","/media-streaming","11.media-streaming",[2887,2891,2895,2899,2903,2907,2911],{"title":2888,"path":2889,"stem":2890},"01. Магія Стрімінгу: Що відбувається, коли ви натискаєте \"Play\"","/media-streaming/introduction","11.media-streaming/01.introduction",{"title":2892,"path":2893,"stem":2894},"02. Анатомія Медіа: Кодеки, Контейнери та Стиснення","/media-streaming/audio-video-anatomy","11.media-streaming/02.audio-video-anatomy",{"title":2896,"path":2897,"stem":2898},"03. The Gym: FFmpeg Deep Dive","/media-streaming/ffmpeg-gym","11.media-streaming/03.ffmpeg-gym",{"title":2900,"path":2901,"stem":2902},"04. HLS Protocol: HTTP Live Streaming у Деталях","/media-streaming/hls-protocol","11.media-streaming/04.hls-protocol",{"title":2904,"path":2905,"stem":2906},"05. DASH Protocol: Відкритий Стандарт","/media-streaming/dash-protocol","11.media-streaming/05.dash-protocol",{"title":2908,"path":2909,"stem":2910},"06. Масштабування: CDN та Adaptive Bitrate","/media-streaming/cdn-and-adaptive-bitrate","11.media-streaming/06.cdn-and-adaptive-bitrate",{"title":2912,"path":2913,"stem":2914},"07. Війна із Затримкою (Latency)","/media-streaming/realtime-latency","11.media-streaming/07.realtime-latency",{"title":2916,"icon":2917,"path":2918,"stem":2919,"children":2920,"page":59},"HTML & CSS","i-devicon-html5","/html-css","12.html-css",[2921,2925,2929,2933,2937,2941,2945,2949,2953,2957,2961,2965,2969,2973,2977,2981,2985,2989,2993,2997,3001,3005,3009,3013,3017,3021,3025,3029,3033,3037],{"title":2922,"path":2923,"stem":2924},"Вступ до HTML. Структура документа","/html-css/intro-html-structure","12.html-css/01.intro-html-structure",{"title":2926,"path":2927,"stem":2928},"Форматування тексту в HTML","/html-css/html-text-formatting","12.html-css/02.html-text-formatting",{"title":2930,"path":2931,"stem":2932},"Посилання та зображення в HTML","/html-css/html-links-images","12.html-css/03.html-links-images",{"title":2934,"path":2935,"stem":2936},"Списки та таблиці в HTML","/html-css/html-lists-tables","12.html-css/04.html-lists-tables",{"title":2938,"path":2939,"stem":2940},"Форми в HTML","/html-css/html-forms","12.html-css/05.html-forms",{"title":2942,"path":2943,"stem":2944},"Семантичні елементи HTML5","/html-css/html-semantic-elements","12.html-css/06.html-semantic-elements",{"title":2946,"path":2947,"stem":2948},"Мультимедіа та розширені елементи HTML","/html-css/html-multimedia-advanced","12.html-css/07.html-multimedia-advanced",{"title":2950,"path":2951,"stem":2952},"Мікророзмітка та SEO в HTML","/html-css/html-microdata-seo","12.html-css/08.html-microdata-seo",{"title":2954,"path":2955,"stem":2956},"Вступ до CSS. Селектори та специфічність","/html-css/css-intro-selectors","12.html-css/09.css-intro-selectors",{"title":2958,"path":2959,"stem":2960},"Блокова модель CSS. Відступи. Box Sizing","/html-css/css-box-model","12.html-css/10.css-box-model",{"title":2962,"path":2963,"stem":2964},"Розміри у CSS: повний довідник одиниць і ключових слів","/html-css/10a.css-sizing","12.html-css/10a.css-sizing",{"title":2966,"path":2967,"stem":2968},"Типографіка в CSS. Шрифти та текст","/html-css/css-typography","12.html-css/11.css-typography",{"title":2970,"path":2971,"stem":2972},"Кольори та фони в CSS","/html-css/css-colors-backgrounds","12.html-css/12.css-colors-backgrounds",{"title":2974,"path":2975,"stem":2976},"Тіні та фільтри в CSS","/html-css/12b.css-shadows-filters","12.html-css/12b.css-shadows-filters",{"title":2978,"path":2979,"stem":2980},"CSS Flexbox: Фундамент гнучких макетів","/html-css/css-flexbox-fundamentals","12.html-css/13.css-flexbox-fundamentals",{"title":2982,"path":2983,"stem":2984},"CSS Flexbox: Вирівнювання та Позиціонування","/html-css/css-flexbox-alignment-sizing-and-patterns","12.html-css/14.css-flexbox-alignment-sizing-and-patterns",{"title":2986,"path":2987,"stem":2988},"CSS Grid. Двовимірний макет. Частина 1","/html-css/css-layout-grid","12.html-css/15.css-layout-grid",{"title":2990,"path":2991,"stem":2992},"CSS Grid. Двовимірний макет. Частина 2","/html-css/css-layout-grid-advanced","12.html-css/16.css-layout-grid-advanced",{"title":2994,"path":2995,"stem":2996},"Позиціонування в CSS. Z-index. Stacking Context","/html-css/css-positioning","12.html-css/17.css-positioning",{"title":2998,"path":2999,"stem":3000},"CSS Анімації та Переходи","/html-css/css-animations-transitions","12.html-css/18.css-animations-transitions",{"title":3002,"path":3003,"stem":3004},"Адаптивний дизайн. Media Queries. Частина 1","/html-css/css-responsive-media-queries","12.html-css/19.css-responsive-media-queries",{"title":3006,"path":3007,"stem":3008},"Адаптивний дизайн. Частина 2: clamp(), Container Queries, @layer","/html-css/css-responsive-advanced","12.html-css/20.css-responsive-advanced",{"title":3010,"path":3011,"stem":3012},"CSS Custom Properties. Методології. Сучасний CSS","/html-css/css-variables-methodologies","12.html-css/21.css-variables-methodologies",{"title":3014,"path":3015,"stem":3016},"Сучасний CSS 2023–2025: Нові можливості","/html-css/css-modern-features","12.html-css/22.css-modern-features",{"title":3018,"path":3019,"stem":3020},"CSS Nesting, @layer, @scope та @property: нативний препроцесор","/html-css/22a.css-nesting-modern-syntax","12.html-css/22a.css-nesting-modern-syntax",{"title":3022,"path":3023,"stem":3024},"CSS для форм та інтерактивних станів","/html-css/css-forms-interactive-states","12.html-css/23.css-forms-interactive-states",{"title":3026,"path":3027,"stem":3028},"Доступність у CSS (CSS Accessibility)","/html-css/css-accessibility","12.html-css/24.css-accessibility",{"title":3030,"path":3031,"stem":3032},"CSS-функції та сучасні sizing primitives","/html-css/css-functions-sizing","12.html-css/25.css-functions-sizing",{"title":3034,"path":3035,"stem":3036},"Rendering Pipeline і CSS Performance","/html-css/css-rendering-performance","12.html-css/26.css-rendering-performance",{"title":3038,"path":3039,"stem":3040},"CSS Best Practices: типові ситуації та правильні рішення","/html-css/css-best-practices","12.html-css/27.css-best-practices",{"title":3042,"path":3043,"stem":3044,"children":3045,"page":59},"AWS","/aws","13.aws",[3046,3050,3054],{"title":3047,"path":3048,"stem":3049},"Реєстрація AWS акаунту та студентські програми","/aws/account-registration","13.aws/00.account-registration",{"title":3051,"path":3052,"stem":3053},"Вступ до хмарних обчислень та AWS","/aws/introduction-to-cloud","13.aws/01.introduction-to-cloud",{"title":3055,"path":3056,"stem":3057},"AWS IAM — Identity and Access Management","/aws/iam","13.aws/02.iam",{"title":3059,"path":3060,"stem":3061,"children":3062,"page":59},"Tailwind","/tailwind","21.tailwind",[3063,3067,3071,3075,3079,3083,3087,3091],{"title":3064,"path":3065,"stem":3066},"Що таке Tailwind CSS і навіщо він потрібен","/tailwind/tailwind-intro-philosophy","21.tailwind/01.tailwind-intro-philosophy",{"title":3068,"path":3069,"stem":3070},"Встановлення та налаштування Tailwind CSS v4","/tailwind/tailwind-installation-setup","21.tailwind/02.tailwind-installation-setup",{"title":3072,"path":3073,"stem":3074},"Utility-класи: основи та система Tailwind","/tailwind/tailwind-utility-classes-core","21.tailwind/03.tailwind-utility-classes-core",{"title":3076,"path":3077,"stem":3078},"Layout: Flexbox та Grid через Tailwind","/tailwind/tailwind-flexbox-grid","21.tailwind/04.tailwind-flexbox-grid",{"title":3080,"path":3081,"stem":3082},"Кастомізація теми через @theme у Tailwind v4","/tailwind/tailwind-theme-customization","21.tailwind/05.tailwind-theme-customization",{"title":3084,"path":3085,"stem":3086},"Варіанти: hover, focus, responsive, dark mode та нові v4","/tailwind/tailwind-variants-states","21.tailwind/06.tailwind-variants-states",{"title":3088,"path":3089,"stem":3090},"Типографіка та система кольорів у Tailwind v4","/tailwind/tailwind-typography-colors","21.tailwind/07.tailwind-typography-colors",{"title":3092,"path":3093,"stem":3094},"Компоненти та повторюваність: @apply, @utility та патерни","/tailwind/tailwind-components-patterns","21.tailwind/08.tailwind-components-patterns",{"title":3096,"path":3097,"stem":3098},"Тестування компонентів діаграм","/test-components","98.test-components",{"id":3100,"title":2747,"body":3101,"description":8577,"extension":8578,"links":8579,"meta":8580,"navigation":3385,"path":2748,"seo":8581,"stem":2749,"__hash__":8582},"docs/07.tools/02.kubernetes/02.kubernetes-architecture.md",{"type":3102,"value":3103,"toc":8552},"minimark",[3104,3108,3113,3126,3134,3137,3141,3144,3148,3155,3178,3185,3187,3191,3204,3221,3226,3247,3352,3357,3404,3417,3539,3542,3544,3548,3551,3557,3563,3566,3575,3700,3703,3722,3725,3727,3731,3734,3740,3747,3775,3782,3785,3864,3866,3870,3877,3966,3969,3974,3991,4012,4017,4024,4107,4112,4240,4244,4250,4351,4356,4379,4383,4390,4413,4420,4566,4569,4573,4585,4590,4594,4603,4614,4626,4630,4633,4641,4721,4728,4852,4856,4863,4948,4953,4977,4981,4988,5111,5117,5124,5250,5254,5261,5287,5294,5298,5301,5391,5394,5398,5409,5419,5423,5558,5562,5569,5615,5618,5629,5641,5660,5672,5680,5682,5687,5693,5697,5704,5743,5748,5754,5758,5765,5835,5839,5849,5852,5872,5875,5899,5905,5911,5913,5917,5928,5932,6103,6108,6111,6117,6188,6192,6199,6237,6241,6244,6385,6390,6424,6456,6460,6466,6486,6493,6495,6499,6506,6598,6601,6605,6615,6618,6627,6631,6792,6796,6826,6830,6837,6842,6868,6872,6878,6967,6978,7001,7074,7076,7080,7093,7097,7107,7198,7202,7205,7228,7233,7451,7457,7464,7561,7563,7567,7580,7584,7587,7675,7680,7702,7716,7720,7729,7734,7774,7779,7830,7834,7839,7844,7849,7856,7908,7934,7938,7944,7958,7961,7966,8340,8346,8350,8369,8371,8375,8378,8380,8384,8387,8418,8423,8429,8438,8440,8444,8448,8454,8460,8516,8520,8526,8538,8542,8548],[3105,3106,2747],"h1",{"id":3107},"архітектура-kubernetes-анатомія-кластера",[3109,3110,3112],"h2",{"id":3111},"від-одного-демона-до-розподіленої-системи","Від одного демона до розподіленої системи",[3114,3115,3116,3117,3121,3122,3125],"p",{},"Коли ви працювали з Docker, вся взаємодія зводилась до однієї простої схеми: ви виконували ",[3118,3119,3120],"code",{},"docker run",", Docker-демон (",[3118,3123,3124],{},"dockerd",") на вашому сервері отримував команду, завантажував образ і запускав контейнер. Один хост — один демон — одна точка управління. Усе прозоро і зрозуміло.",[3114,3127,3128,3129,3133],{},"Kubernetes принципово інший. Він не є одним процесом і не працює на одній машині. Kubernetes — це ",[3130,3131,3132],"strong",{},"розподілена система",": сукупність кількох взаємодіючих компонентів, розгорнутих на різних машинах, які разом утворюють єдиний керований простір.",[3114,3135,3136],{},"Розуміння цієї архітектури є необхідною умовою для ефективної роботи з Kubernetes. Без нього навіть прості помилки стають незрозумілими, а усунення несправностей перетворюється на вгадування. У цій статті ми пройдемо анатомію кластера від зовнішнього вигляду до внутрішніх механізмів — крок за кроком, без пропусків.",[3138,3139,3140],"note",{},"У цій статті ми розглядаємо архітектуру концептуально. Практичне встановлення локального кластера та перші команди — тема наступної статті.",[3142,3143],"hr",{},[3109,3145,3147],{"id":3146},"кластер-основна-одиниця-kubernetes","Кластер — основна одиниця Kubernetes",[3114,3149,3150,3151,3154],{},"Перша і найважливіша концепція, яку необхідно засвоїти: у Kubernetes ви не працюєте з окремими серверами. Ви працюєте з ",[3130,3152,3153],{},"кластером",".",[3114,3156,3157,3160,3161,3165,3166,3169,3170,3173,3174,3177],{},[3130,3158,3159],{},"Кластер"," (cluster) — це сукупність машин (фізичних або віртуальних серверів), обʼєднаних під управлінням Kubernetes і представлених як єдиний обчислювальний ресурс. З точки зору оператора, кластер — це «один великий комп'ютер»: ви описуєте, ",[3162,3163,3164],"em",{},"що"," хочете запустити і ",[3162,3167,3168],{},"скільки"," ресурсів це потребує, а Kubernetes сам вирішує, ",[3162,3171,3172],{},"де"," і ",[3162,3175,3176],{},"як"," це розмістити.",[3114,3179,3180,3181,3184],{},"Кожна машина, що входить до кластера, називається ",[3130,3182,3183],{},"вузлом"," (node). Вузли бувають двох типів — але про це трохи пізніше. Спочатку познайомимось з інструментом, яким оператор взаємодіє з кластером.",[3142,3186],{},[3109,3188,3190],{"id":3189},"kubectl-інструмент-оператора","kubectl — інструмент оператора",[3114,3192,3193,3196,3197,3199,3200,3203],{},[3130,3194,3195],{},"kubectl"," (вимовляється «кюб-контрол» або «кюбектл») — це командний рядковий інтерфейс (CLI) для взаємодії з Kubernetes-кластером. Якщо проводити паралель із Docker, ",[3118,3198,3195],{}," відіграє ту саму роль, що і команда ",[3118,3201,3202],{},"docker"," — він формує запити до API кластера та відображає відповіді.",[3114,3205,3206,3207,3209,3210,3213,3214,3216,3217,3220],{},"Аналогія точна, але не повна: ",[3118,3208,3202],{}," CLI спілкується з демоном на ",[3162,3211,3212],{},"тому ж хості",", тоді як ",[3118,3215,3195],{}," може взаємодіяти з кластером ",[3162,3218,3219],{},"з будь-якої машини"," — з вашого ноутбука, з CI/CD-системи, з іншого сервера — через захищене HTTPS-підключення.",[3114,3222,3223],{},[3130,3224,3225],{},"Загальна анатомія команди kubectl:",[3227,3228,3233],"pre",{"className":3229,"code":3230,"language":3231,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","kubectl [дієслово] [тип-ресурсу] [імʼя] [прапорці]\n","bash","",[3118,3234,3235],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,3237,3240,3243],"span",{"class":3238,"line":3239},"line",1,[3236,3241,3195],{"class":3242},"s8Opu",[3236,3244,3246],{"class":3245},"sHH4Y"," [дієслово] [тип-ресурсу] [імʼя] [прапорці]\n",[3248,3249,3250,3266],"table",{},[3251,3252,3253],"thead",{},[3254,3255,3256,3260,3263],"tr",{},[3257,3258,3259],"th",{},"Частина",[3257,3261,3262],{},"Опис",[3257,3264,3265],{},"Приклад",[3267,3268,3269,3295,3319,3334],"tbody",{},[3254,3270,3271,3277,3280],{},[3272,3273,3274],"td",{},[3118,3275,3276],{},"дієслово",[3272,3278,3279],{},"Що зробити",[3272,3281,3282,3285,3286,3285,3289,3285,3292],{},[3118,3283,3284],{},"get",", ",[3118,3287,3288],{},"apply",[3118,3290,3291],{},"delete",[3118,3293,3294],{},"describe",[3254,3296,3297,3302,3305],{},[3272,3298,3299],{},[3118,3300,3301],{},"тип-ресурсу",[3272,3303,3304],{},"З яким об'єктом",[3272,3306,3307,3285,3310,3285,3313,3285,3316],{},[3118,3308,3309],{},"node",[3118,3311,3312],{},"pod",[3118,3314,3315],{},"deployment",[3118,3317,3318],{},"service",[3254,3320,3321,3326,3329],{},[3272,3322,3323],{},[3118,3324,3325],{},"імʼя",[3272,3327,3328],{},"Конкретний екземпляр (необов'язково)",[3272,3330,3331],{},[3118,3332,3333],{},"my-app-pod",[3254,3335,3336,3341,3344],{},[3272,3337,3338],{},[3118,3339,3340],{},"прапорці",[3272,3342,3343],{},"Додаткові параметри",[3272,3345,3346,3285,3349],{},[3118,3347,3348],{},"-n production",[3118,3350,3351],{},"-o yaml",[3114,3353,3354],{},[3130,3355,3356],{},"Перші команди, які ви виконаєте у будь-якому кластері:",[3227,3358,3360],{"className":3229,"code":3359,"language":3231,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"# Переглянути вузли кластера та їхній стан\nkubectl get nodes\n\n# Переглянути поточний контекст (до якого кластера підключено)\nkubectl config current-context\n",[3118,3361,3362,3368,3380,3387,3393],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,3363,3364],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,3365,3367],{"class":3366},"spJ8K","# Переглянути вузли кластера та їхній стан\n",[3236,3369,3371,3373,3377],{"class":3238,"line":3370},2,[3236,3372,3195],{"class":3242},[3236,3374,3376],{"class":3375},"sbdoH"," get",[3236,3378,3379],{"class":3375}," nodes\n",[3236,3381,3383],{"class":3238,"line":3382},3,[3236,3384,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},true,"\n",[3236,3388,3390],{"class":3238,"line":3389},4,[3236,3391,3392],{"class":3366},"# Переглянути поточний контекст (до якого кластера підключено)\n",[3236,3394,3396,3398,3401],{"class":3238,"line":3395},5,[3236,3397,3195],{"class":3242},[3236,3399,3400],{"class":3375}," config",[3236,3402,3403],{"class":3375}," current-context\n",[3405,3406,3407,3409,3410,3413,3414,3154],"tip",{},[3118,3408,3195],{}," зберігає налаштування підключення (адреси кластерів, credentials, поточний контекст) у файлі ",[3118,3411,3412],{},"~/.kube/config",". Завдяки цьому ви можете перемикатися між кластерами однією командою: ",[3118,3415,3416],{},"kubectl config use-context \u003Cназва-контексту>",[3418,3419,3420],"plant-uml",{},[3227,3421,3425],{"className":3422,"code":3423,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"language-plantuml shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\nactor \"Ваш ноутбук\" as L\npackage \"Хмара / Датацентр\" {\n    package \"Kubernetes Cluster\" {\n        [API Server] as API\n        [Worker Nodes] as WN\n    }\n}\n\nL -down-> API : HTTPS (port 6443)\nnote right of L\n  ~/.kube/config\n  (сертифікати та адреси)\nend note\n\nAPI \u003C-> WN : Керування\n@enduml\n","plantuml",[3118,3426,3427,3432,3437,3442,3446,3451,3457,3463,3469,3475,3481,3487,3492,3498,3504,3510,3516,3522,3527,3533],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,3428,3429],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,3430,3431],{},"@startuml\n",[3236,3433,3434],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,3435,3436],{},"skinparam style plain\n",[3236,3438,3439],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,3440,3441],{},"skinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n",[3236,3443,3444],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,3445,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3447,3448],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,3449,3450],{},"actor \"Ваш ноутбук\" as L\n",[3236,3452,3454],{"class":3238,"line":3453},6,[3236,3455,3456],{},"package \"Хмара / Датацентр\" {\n",[3236,3458,3460],{"class":3238,"line":3459},7,[3236,3461,3462],{},"    package \"Kubernetes Cluster\" {\n",[3236,3464,3466],{"class":3238,"line":3465},8,[3236,3467,3468],{},"        [API Server] as API\n",[3236,3470,3472],{"class":3238,"line":3471},9,[3236,3473,3474],{},"        [Worker Nodes] as WN\n",[3236,3476,3478],{"class":3238,"line":3477},10,[3236,3479,3480],{},"    }\n",[3236,3482,3484],{"class":3238,"line":3483},11,[3236,3485,3486],{},"}\n",[3236,3488,3490],{"class":3238,"line":3489},12,[3236,3491,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3493,3495],{"class":3238,"line":3494},13,[3236,3496,3497],{},"L -down-> API : HTTPS (port 6443)\n",[3236,3499,3501],{"class":3238,"line":3500},14,[3236,3502,3503],{},"note right of L\n",[3236,3505,3507],{"class":3238,"line":3506},15,[3236,3508,3509],{},"  ~/.kube/config\n",[3236,3511,3513],{"class":3238,"line":3512},16,[3236,3514,3515],{},"  (сертифікати та адреси)\n",[3236,3517,3519],{"class":3238,"line":3518},17,[3236,3520,3521],{},"end note\n",[3236,3523,3525],{"class":3238,"line":3524},18,[3236,3526,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3528,3530],{"class":3238,"line":3529},19,[3236,3531,3532],{},"API \u003C-> WN : Керування\n",[3236,3534,3536],{"class":3238,"line":3535},20,[3236,3537,3538],{},"@enduml\n",[3114,3540,3541],{},"Тепер, коли ми знаємо інструмент оператора, розглянемо архітектуру того, з чим цей інструмент взаємодіє.",[3142,3543],{},[3109,3545,3547],{"id":3546},"два-типи-вузлів-управління-та-виконання","Два типи вузлів: управління та виконання",[3114,3549,3550],{},"Як зазначалось вище, кожна машина у кластері — це вузол. Але не всі вузли однакові: вони поділяються на два принципово різні типи залежно від ролі, яку виконують.",[3114,3552,3553,3556],{},[3130,3554,3555],{},"Control Plane"," (площина управління) — це «мозок» кластера. Вузли цього типу не запускають ваші застосунки. Їхнє завдання — зберігати стан усієї системи, приймати рішення (що запустити, де розмістити, як реагувати на збої) та автоматично підтримувати бажаний стан. У невеликих кластерах control plane розгортається на одному вузлі; у production — зазвичай на трьох, для відмовостійкості.",[3114,3558,3559,3562],{},[3130,3560,3561],{},"Worker Nodes"," (робочі вузли) — це «м'язи» кластера. Саме тут виконуються ваші застосунки. Кожен worker-вузол отримує інструкції від control plane і запускає контейнери відповідно до цих інструкцій. Кількість worker-вузлів визначає обчислювальну потужність кластера і може змінюватись динамічно — вузли можна додавати або видаляти без зупинки системи.",[3114,3564,3565],{},"Зверніть увагу на принципову різницю в порівнянні з Docker Compose: там усе виконувалось на одній машині. Тут «управління» і «виконання» фізично розділені.",[3114,3567,3568],{},[3569,3570],"img",{"alt":3571,"className":3572,"src":3574},"kubernetes cluster architecture control plane worker nodes",[3573],"diagram-img","/images/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture/01.png",[3418,3576,3577],{},[3227,3578,3580],{"className":3422,"code":3579,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\nskinparam NodeBackgroundColor #f8f9fa\nskinparam PackageBackgroundColor #e9ecef\n\nactor \"Operator (kubectl)\" as Op\n\npackage \"Control Plane (Brain)\" {\n    [API Server] as API\n}\n\npackage \"Worker Nodes (Body)\" {\n    node \"Node 1\" as N1 {\n        [Pod A]\n    }\n    node \"Node 2\" as N2 {\n        [Pod B]\n    }\n}\n\nOp -down-> API : HTTPS\nAPI \u003C-down-> N1 : Instructions/Status\nAPI \u003C-down-> N2 : Instructions/Status\n@enduml\n",[3118,3581,3582,3586,3590,3594,3599,3604,3608,3613,3617,3622,3627,3631,3635,3640,3645,3650,3654,3659,3664,3668,3672,3677,3683,3689,3695],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,3583,3584],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,3585,3431],{},[3236,3587,3588],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,3589,3436],{},[3236,3591,3592],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,3593,3441],{},[3236,3595,3596],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,3597,3598],{},"skinparam NodeBackgroundColor #f8f9fa\n",[3236,3600,3601],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,3602,3603],{},"skinparam PackageBackgroundColor #e9ecef\n",[3236,3605,3606],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,3607,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3609,3610],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,3611,3612],{},"actor \"Operator (kubectl)\" as Op\n",[3236,3614,3615],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,3616,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3618,3619],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,3620,3621],{},"package \"Control Plane (Brain)\" {\n",[3236,3623,3624],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,3625,3626],{},"    [API Server] as API\n",[3236,3628,3629],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,3630,3486],{},[3236,3632,3633],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,3634,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3636,3637],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,3638,3639],{},"package \"Worker Nodes (Body)\" {\n",[3236,3641,3642],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,3643,3644],{},"    node \"Node 1\" as N1 {\n",[3236,3646,3647],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,3648,3649],{},"        [Pod A]\n",[3236,3651,3652],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,3653,3480],{},[3236,3655,3656],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,3657,3658],{},"    node \"Node 2\" as N2 {\n",[3236,3660,3661],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,3662,3663],{},"        [Pod B]\n",[3236,3665,3666],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,3667,3480],{},[3236,3669,3670],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,3671,3486],{},[3236,3673,3675],{"class":3238,"line":3674},21,[3236,3676,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3678,3680],{"class":3238,"line":3679},22,[3236,3681,3682],{},"Op -down-> API : HTTPS\n",[3236,3684,3686],{"class":3238,"line":3685},23,[3236,3687,3688],{},"API \u003C-down-> N1 : Instructions/Status\n",[3236,3690,3692],{"class":3238,"line":3691},24,[3236,3693,3694],{},"API \u003C-down-> N2 : Instructions/Status\n",[3236,3696,3698],{"class":3238,"line":3697},25,[3236,3699,3538],{},[3114,3701,3702],{},"Зі схеми видно два потоки комунікації:",[3704,3705,3706,3716],"ul",{},[3707,3708,3709,3712,3713,3715],"li",{},[3130,3710,3711],{},"Оператор → Control Plane",": ваші ",[3118,3714,3195],{},"-команди надходять до control plane через HTTPS.",[3707,3717,3718,3721],{},[3130,3719,3720],{},"Control Plane ↔ Worker Nodes",": control plane надсилає інструкції вузлам (що запускати), а вузли повертають актуальний статус (що реально виконується).",[3114,3723,3724],{},"Ніколи не навпаки: оператор ніколи не спілкується з worker-вузлами напряму. Вся взаємодія відбувається через control plane.",[3142,3726],{},[3109,3728,3730],{"id":3729},"що-таке-pod-базова-одиниця-виконання","Що таке Pod — базова одиниця виконання",[3114,3732,3733],{},"Перш ніж розглядати компоненти вузлів детально, необхідно ввести одне ключове поняття, яке з'являтиметься у кожному наступному розділі.",[3114,3735,3736,3739],{},[3130,3737,3738],{},"Pod"," (від англ. «стручок») — це найменша розгортана одиниця у Kubernetes. Не контейнер, а саме Pod. Розуміння цього є принципово важливим для тих, хто приходить із Docker.",[3114,3741,3742,3743,3746],{},"У Docker мінімальна одиниця — це контейнер. У Kubernetes — Pod, який є ",[3162,3744,3745],{},"обгорткою"," над одним або кількома контейнерами. Pod гарантує, що всі контейнери всередині нього:",[3704,3748,3749,3755,3761,3768],{},[3707,3750,3751,3752],{},"Запускаються і зупиняються ",[3130,3753,3754],{},"разом",[3707,3756,3757,3758],{},"Знаходяться на ",[3130,3759,3760],{},"одному вузлі",[3707,3762,3763,3764,3767],{},"Мають ",[3130,3765,3766],{},"спільну мережу"," (один IP на Pod)",[3707,3769,3770,3771,3774],{},"Можуть мати ",[3130,3772,3773],{},"спільні volumes"," (файли)",[3138,3776,3777,3778,3781],{},"У переважній більшості випадків Pod містить ",[3130,3779,3780],{},"один контейнер",". Кілька контейнерів у Pod — це окремий патерн (sidecar), який розглядається у статті про Podʼи. Поки що сприймайте Pod як «контейнер у Kubernetes».",[3114,3783,3784],{},"Аналогія: якщо Docker-контейнер — це окремий процес в ізольованому середовищі, то Pod — це «мінімальна логічна одиниця вашого застосунку», яку Kubernetes розміщує, масштабує та перезапускає як ціле.",[3418,3786,3787],{},[3227,3788,3790],{"className":3422,"code":3789,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\npackage \"Pod\" #f8f9fa {\n    package \"Спільний контекст\" #e9ecef {\n        [Мережа (один IP)]\n        [Volumes (спільні диски)]\n    }\n    \n    package \"Контейнери\" {\n        [Головний застосунок]\n        [Sidecar-контейнер]\n    }\n}\n@enduml\n",[3118,3791,3792,3796,3800,3804,3808,3813,3818,3823,3828,3832,3837,3842,3847,3852,3856,3860],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,3793,3794],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,3795,3431],{},[3236,3797,3798],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,3799,3436],{},[3236,3801,3802],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,3803,3441],{},[3236,3805,3806],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,3807,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3809,3810],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,3811,3812],{},"package \"Pod\" #f8f9fa {\n",[3236,3814,3815],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,3816,3817],{},"    package \"Спільний контекст\" #e9ecef {\n",[3236,3819,3820],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,3821,3822],{},"        [Мережа (один IP)]\n",[3236,3824,3825],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,3826,3827],{},"        [Volumes (спільні диски)]\n",[3236,3829,3830],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,3831,3480],{},[3236,3833,3834],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,3835,3836],{},"    \n",[3236,3838,3839],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,3840,3841],{},"    package \"Контейнери\" {\n",[3236,3843,3844],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,3845,3846],{},"        [Головний застосунок]\n",[3236,3848,3849],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,3850,3851],{},"        [Sidecar-контейнер]\n",[3236,3853,3854],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,3855,3480],{},[3236,3857,3858],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,3859,3486],{},[3236,3861,3862],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,3863,3538],{},[3142,3865],{},[3109,3867,3869],{"id":3868},"компоненти-control-plane","Компоненти Control Plane",[3114,3871,3872],{},[3569,3873],{"alt":3874,"className":3875,"src":3876},"kubernetes control plane components architecture diagram",[3573],"/images/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture/02.png",[3418,3878,3879],{},[3227,3880,3882],{"className":3422,"code":3881,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\npackage \"Control Plane\" {\n    [API Server] as API \u003C\u003CHTTP>>\n    database \"etcd\" as ETCD \u003C\u003CStorage>>\n    [Scheduler] as SCH \u003C\u003CLogic>>\n    [Controller Manager] as CM \u003C\u003CAutomation>>\n\n    API \u003C-> ETCD : State Storage\n    SCH -up-> API : Watch / Bind\n    CM -up-> API : Watch / Reconcile\n}\n\n[kubectl] -down-> API : HTTPS\n[Kubelet] -up-> API : Heartbeat\n@enduml\n",[3118,3883,3884,3888,3892,3896,3900,3905,3910,3915,3920,3925,3929,3934,3939,3944,3948,3952,3957,3962],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,3885,3886],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,3887,3431],{},[3236,3889,3890],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,3891,3436],{},[3236,3893,3894],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,3895,3441],{},[3236,3897,3898],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,3899,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3901,3902],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,3903,3904],{},"package \"Control Plane\" {\n",[3236,3906,3907],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,3908,3909],{},"    [API Server] as API \u003C\u003CHTTP>>\n",[3236,3911,3912],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,3913,3914],{},"    database \"etcd\" as ETCD \u003C\u003CStorage>>\n",[3236,3916,3917],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,3918,3919],{},"    [Scheduler] as SCH \u003C\u003CLogic>>\n",[3236,3921,3922],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,3923,3924],{},"    [Controller Manager] as CM \u003C\u003CAutomation>>\n",[3236,3926,3927],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,3928,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3930,3931],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,3932,3933],{},"    API \u003C-> ETCD : State Storage\n",[3236,3935,3936],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,3937,3938],{},"    SCH -up-> API : Watch / Bind\n",[3236,3940,3941],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,3942,3943],{},"    CM -up-> API : Watch / Reconcile\n",[3236,3945,3946],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,3947,3486],{},[3236,3949,3950],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,3951,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,3953,3954],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,3955,3956],{},"[kubectl] -down-> API : HTTPS\n",[3236,3958,3959],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,3960,3961],{},"[Kubelet] -up-> API : Heartbeat\n",[3236,3963,3964],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,3965,3538],{},[3114,3967,3968],{},"Control plane складається з чотирьох основних процесів. Кожен з них має чітко визначену відповідальність — жоден не виконує «все поспіль». Саме така модульність і дозволяє системі бути відмовостійкою та розширюваною.",[3970,3971,3973],"h3",{"id":3972},"kube-apiserver-єдина-точка-входу","kube-apiserver — єдина точка входу",[3114,3975,3976,3979,3980,3983,3984,3986,3987,3990],{},[3130,3977,3978],{},"kube-apiserver"," — це HTTP-сервер, через який проходять ",[3162,3981,3982],{},"абсолютно всі"," операції у кластері. Ваш ",[3118,3985,3195],{},", внутрішні компоненти Kubernetes, зовнішні інструменти — всі вони звертаються виключно до API-сервера. Ніхто не спілкується з ",[3118,3988,3989],{},"etcd"," або планувальником напряму.",[3405,3992,3993,3994,3996,3997,3999,4000,4002,4003,4005,4006,4008,4009,4011],{},"Аналогія з Docker: ",[3118,3995,3978],{}," — це ",[3118,3998,3124],{},", але для цілого кластера. Так само, як ",[3118,4001,3202],{}," CLI спілкується з ",[3118,4004,3124],{}," через Unix-socket, ",[3118,4007,3195],{}," спілкується з ",[3118,4010,3978],{}," через захищений HTTPS-канал.",[4013,4014,4016],"h4",{"id":4015},"потік-обробки-запиту","Потік обробки запиту",[3114,4018,4019,4020,4023],{},"Кожен запит до API-сервера проходить через кілька етапів обробки. Розглянемо детально на прикладі команди ",[3118,4021,4022],{},"kubectl get pods",":",[4025,4026,4027],"mermaid",{},[3227,4028,4031],{"className":4029,"code":4030,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"language-mermaid shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","sequenceDiagram\n    participant K as kubectl\n    participant A as API Server\n    participant Auth as Authentication\n    participant Authz as Authorization\n    participant E as etcd\n\n    K->>A: \"GET /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods\"\n    A->>Auth: \"Перевірити сертифікат клієнта\"\n    Auth-->>A: \"Користувач: admin\"\n    A->>Authz: \"Чи має admin право читати pods?\"\n    Authz-->>A: \"Дозволено ✓\"\n    A->>E: \"Читати /registry/pods/default/*\"\n    E-->>A: \"Список Pod (JSON)\"\n    A-->>K: \"HTTP 200 + JSON response\"\n",[3118,4032,4033,4038,4043,4048,4053,4058,4063,4067,4072,4077,4082,4087,4092,4097,4102],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4034,4035],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4036,4037],{},"sequenceDiagram\n",[3236,4039,4040],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4041,4042],{},"    participant K as kubectl\n",[3236,4044,4045],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,4046,4047],{},"    participant A as API Server\n",[3236,4049,4050],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,4051,4052],{},"    participant Auth as Authentication\n",[3236,4054,4055],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,4056,4057],{},"    participant Authz as Authorization\n",[3236,4059,4060],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,4061,4062],{},"    participant E as etcd\n",[3236,4064,4065],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,4066,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,4068,4069],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,4070,4071],{},"    K->>A: \"GET /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods\"\n",[3236,4073,4074],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,4075,4076],{},"    A->>Auth: \"Перевірити сертифікат клієнта\"\n",[3236,4078,4079],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,4080,4081],{},"    Auth-->>A: \"Користувач: admin\"\n",[3236,4083,4084],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,4085,4086],{},"    A->>Authz: \"Чи має admin право читати pods?\"\n",[3236,4088,4089],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,4090,4091],{},"    Authz-->>A: \"Дозволено ✓\"\n",[3236,4093,4094],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,4095,4096],{},"    A->>E: \"Читати /registry/pods/default/*\"\n",[3236,4098,4099],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,4100,4101],{},"    E-->>A: \"Список Pod (JSON)\"\n",[3236,4103,4104],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,4105,4106],{},"    A-->>K: \"HTTP 200 + JSON response\"\n",[3114,4108,4109],{},[3130,4110,4111],{},"Етапи обробки запиту:",[4113,4114,4115,4132,4140,4160,4164,4173],"field-group",{},[4116,4117,4120,4121,4124,4125,4128,4129,4131],"field",{"name":4118,"type":4119},"1. Authentication (Аутентифікація)","етап","API-сервер визначає, ",[3130,4122,4123],{},"хто"," надіслав запит. Підтримуються різні методи: клієнтські сертифікати, bearer tokens, basic auth. У більшості кластерів використовуються X.509 сертифікати. Уявіть це як ",[3130,4126,4127],{},"цифровий паспорт",": коли ",[3118,4130,3195],{}," звертається до сервера, він автоматично пред'являє цей документ. Якщо паспорт недійсний або його немає — сервер навіть не почне розмову.",[4116,4133,4135,4136,4139],{"name":4134,"type":4119},"2. Authorization (Авторизація)","API-сервер перевіряє, ",[3130,4137,4138],{},"чи має"," цей користувач право виконати цю дію. Використовується RBAC (Role-Based Access Control): користувач → роль → дозволи.",[4116,4141,4143,4144,4147,4148,4151,4152,4155,4156,4159],{"name":4142,"type":4119},"3. Admission Control (Контроль прийняття)","Серія плагінів, які можуть ",[3130,4145,4146],{},"змінити"," або ",[3130,4149,4150],{},"відхилити"," запит. Наприклад, ",[3118,4153,4154],{},"LimitRanger"," перевіряє, чи не перевищує Pod ліміти ресурсів namespace. Це працює як ",[3130,4157,4158],{},"автокорекція"," у смартфоні: якщо ви забули вказати важливий параметр, Admission Controller може підставити значення за замовчуванням ще до того, як дані потраплять у базу.",[4116,4161,4163],{"name":4162,"type":4119},"4. Validation (Валідація)","Перевірка структури об'єкта: чи всі обов'язкові поля присутні, чи правильні типи даних, чи валідні значення.",[4116,4165,4167,4168,4170,4171,3154],{"name":4166,"type":4119},"5. Persistence (Збереження)","Для запитів на створення/оновлення — збереження об'єкта у ",[3118,4169,3989],{},". Для запитів на читання — отримання даних з ",[3118,4172,3989],{},[3418,4174,4175],{},[3227,4176,4178],{"className":3422,"code":4177,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\n(*) --> \"Аутентифікація / Авторизація\"\n--> \"Mutating Admission\"\nnote right: \"Автокорекція\" / Дефолти\n--> \"Валідація об'єкта\"\n--> \"Validating Admission\"\nnote right: Фінальна перевірка\n--> \"Збереження (etcd)\"\n--> (*)\n@enduml\n",[3118,4179,4180,4184,4188,4192,4196,4201,4206,4211,4216,4221,4226,4231,4236],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4181,4182],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4183,3431],{},[3236,4185,4186],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4187,3436],{},[3236,4189,4190],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,4191,3441],{},[3236,4193,4194],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,4195,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,4197,4198],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,4199,4200],{},"(*) --> \"Аутентифікація / Авторизація\"\n",[3236,4202,4203],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,4204,4205],{},"--> \"Mutating Admission\"\n",[3236,4207,4208],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,4209,4210],{},"note right: \"Автокорекція\" / Дефолти\n",[3236,4212,4213],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,4214,4215],{},"--> \"Валідація об'єкта\"\n",[3236,4217,4218],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,4219,4220],{},"--> \"Validating Admission\"\n",[3236,4222,4223],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,4224,4225],{},"note right: Фінальна перевірка\n",[3236,4227,4228],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,4229,4230],{},"--> \"Збереження (etcd)\"\n",[3236,4232,4233],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,4234,4235],{},"--> (*)\n",[3236,4237,4238],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,4239,3538],{},[4013,4241,4243],{"id":4242},"приклад-створення-deployment","Приклад: створення Deployment",[3114,4245,4246,4247,4023],{},"Тепер розглянемо складніший сценарій — ",[3118,4248,4249],{},"kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml",[4025,4251,4252],{},[3227,4253,4255],{"className":4029,"code":4254,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"sequenceDiagram\n    participant K as kubectl\n    participant A as API Server\n    participant AC as Admission Controllers\n    participant E as etcd\n    participant W as Watchers\u003Cbr/>(scheduler, controller-manager)\n\n    K->>A: \"POST /apis/apps/v1/namespaces/default/deployments\"\n    Note over A: Authentication ✓\u003Cbr/>Authorization ✓\n    A->>AC: \"MutatingAdmissionWebhook\"\n    AC-->>A: \"Додано default values\"\n    A->>AC: \"ValidatingAdmissionWebhook\"\n    AC-->>A: \"Валідація пройдена ✓\"\n    A->>E: \"Зберегти Deployment\"\n    E-->>A: \"Збережено, revision=1\"\n    A-->>K: \"HTTP 201 Created\"\n\n    Note over W: Watchers отримують подію\n    W->>A: \"Watch: нові Deployment?\"\n    A-->>W: \"Event: Deployment створено\"\n",[3118,4256,4257,4261,4265,4269,4274,4278,4283,4287,4292,4297,4302,4307,4312,4317,4322,4327,4332,4336,4341,4346],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4258,4259],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4260,4037],{},[3236,4262,4263],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4264,4042],{},[3236,4266,4267],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,4268,4047],{},[3236,4270,4271],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,4272,4273],{},"    participant AC as Admission Controllers\n",[3236,4275,4276],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,4277,4062],{},[3236,4279,4280],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,4281,4282],{},"    participant W as Watchers\u003Cbr/>(scheduler, controller-manager)\n",[3236,4284,4285],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,4286,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,4288,4289],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,4290,4291],{},"    K->>A: \"POST /apis/apps/v1/namespaces/default/deployments\"\n",[3236,4293,4294],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,4295,4296],{},"    Note over A: Authentication ✓\u003Cbr/>Authorization ✓\n",[3236,4298,4299],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,4300,4301],{},"    A->>AC: \"MutatingAdmissionWebhook\"\n",[3236,4303,4304],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,4305,4306],{},"    AC-->>A: \"Додано default values\"\n",[3236,4308,4309],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,4310,4311],{},"    A->>AC: \"ValidatingAdmissionWebhook\"\n",[3236,4313,4314],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,4315,4316],{},"    AC-->>A: \"Валідація пройдена ✓\"\n",[3236,4318,4319],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,4320,4321],{},"    A->>E: \"Зберегти Deployment\"\n",[3236,4323,4324],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,4325,4326],{},"    E-->>A: \"Збережено, revision=1\"\n",[3236,4328,4329],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,4330,4331],{},"    A-->>K: \"HTTP 201 Created\"\n",[3236,4333,4334],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,4335,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,4337,4338],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,4339,4340],{},"    Note over W: Watchers отримують подію\n",[3236,4342,4343],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,4344,4345],{},"    W->>A: \"Watch: нові Deployment?\"\n",[3236,4347,4348],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,4349,4350],{},"    A-->>W: \"Event: Deployment створено\"\n",[3114,4352,4353],{},[3130,4354,4355],{},"Ключові моменти:",[4357,4358,4359,4365,4370],"ol",{},[3707,4360,4361,4364],{},[3130,4362,4363],{},"Admission Controllers"," можуть змінювати об'єкт перед збереженням (наприклад, додавати default значення)",[3707,4366,4367,4369],{},[3130,4368,3989],{}," зберігає об'єкт і повертає номер ревізії",[3707,4371,4372,4375,4376],{},[3130,4373,4374],{},"Watchers"," (scheduler, controller-manager) отримують подію про новий об'єкт через механізм ",[3130,4377,4378],{},"watch",[4013,4380,4382],{"id":4381},"watch-api-механізм-реального-часу","Watch API — механізм реального часу",[3114,4384,4385,4386,4389],{},"API-сервер підтримує ",[3130,4387,4388],{},"watch API"," — механізм, який дозволяє компонентам отримувати події про зміни у реальному часі, без постійного опитування (polling).",[3227,4391,4393],{"className":3229,"code":4392,"language":3231,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"# Приклад watch-запиту\nkubectl get pods --watch\n",[3118,4394,4395,4400],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4396,4397],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4398,4399],{"class":3366},"# Приклад watch-запиту\n",[3236,4401,4402,4404,4406,4409],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4403,3195],{"class":3242},[3236,4405,3376],{"class":3375},[3236,4407,4408],{"class":3375}," pods",[3236,4410,4412],{"class":4411},"su1O8"," --watch\n",[3114,4414,4415,4416,4419],{},"Під капотом це HTTP-запит з параметром ",[3118,4417,4418],{},"?watch=true",", який залишається відкритим, і API-сервер надсилає події через цей канал:",[3227,4421,4425],{"className":4422,"code":4423,"language":4424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"language-json shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","{\"type\": \"ADDED\", \"object\": {\"kind\": \"Pod\", \"metadata\": {\"name\": \"nginx-1\"}}}\n{\"type\": \"MODIFIED\", \"object\": {\"kind\": \"Pod\", \"metadata\": {\"name\": \"nginx-1\"}, \"status\": {\"phase\": \"Running\"}}}\n{\"type\": \"DELETED\", \"object\": {\"kind\": \"Pod\", \"metadata\": {\"name\": \"nginx-1\"}}}\n","json",[3118,4426,4427,4476,4529],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4428,4429,4432,4436,4439,4442,4444,4447,4450,4453,4455,4458,4460,4463,4465,4468,4470,4473],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4430,4431],{"class":3245},"{",[3236,4433,4435],{"class":4434},"sLwNe","\"type\"",[3236,4437,4438],{"class":3245},": ",[3236,4440,4441],{"class":3375},"\"ADDED\"",[3236,4443,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,4445,4446],{"class":4434},"\"object\"",[3236,4448,4449],{"class":3245},": {",[3236,4451,4452],{"class":4434},"\"kind\"",[3236,4454,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4456,4457],{"class":3375},"\"Pod\"",[3236,4459,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,4461,4462],{"class":4434},"\"metadata\"",[3236,4464,4449],{"class":3245},[3236,4466,4467],{"class":4434},"\"name\"",[3236,4469,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4471,4472],{"class":3375},"\"nginx-1\"",[3236,4474,4475],{"class":3245},"}}}\n",[3236,4477,4478,4480,4482,4484,4487,4489,4491,4493,4495,4497,4499,4501,4503,4505,4507,4509,4511,4514,4517,4519,4522,4524,4527],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4479,4431],{"class":3245},[3236,4481,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,4483,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4485,4486],{"class":3375},"\"MODIFIED\"",[3236,4488,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,4490,4446],{"class":4434},[3236,4492,4449],{"class":3245},[3236,4494,4452],{"class":4434},[3236,4496,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4498,4457],{"class":3375},[3236,4500,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,4502,4462],{"class":4434},[3236,4504,4449],{"class":3245},[3236,4506,4467],{"class":4434},[3236,4508,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4510,4472],{"class":3375},[3236,4512,4513],{"class":3245},"}, ",[3236,4515,4516],{"class":4434},"\"status\"",[3236,4518,4449],{"class":3245},[3236,4520,4521],{"class":4434},"\"phase\"",[3236,4523,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4525,4526],{"class":3375},"\"Running\"",[3236,4528,4475],{"class":3245},[3236,4530,4531,4533,4535,4537,4540,4542,4544,4546,4548,4550,4552,4554,4556,4558,4560,4562,4564],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,4532,4431],{"class":3245},[3236,4534,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,4536,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4538,4539],{"class":3375},"\"DELETED\"",[3236,4541,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,4543,4446],{"class":4434},[3236,4545,4449],{"class":3245},[3236,4547,4452],{"class":4434},[3236,4549,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4551,4457],{"class":3375},[3236,4553,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,4555,4462],{"class":4434},[3236,4557,4449],{"class":3245},[3236,4559,4467],{"class":4434},[3236,4561,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4563,4472],{"class":3375},[3236,4565,4475],{"class":3245},[3114,4567,4568],{},"Саме завдяки watch API scheduler дізнається про нові Pod, а controller-manager — про зміни у Deployment.",[4013,4570,4572],{"id":4571},"stateless-природа-api-сервера","Stateless природа API-сервера",[3114,4574,4575,4576,4579,4580,4582,4583,3154],{},"API-сервер є ",[3130,4577,4578],{},"stateless"," (без внутрішнього стану): він не запам'ятовує нічого між запитами. Весь стан кластера живе у ",[3118,4581,3989],{},". Завдяки цьому можна запускати кілька екземплярів API-сервера паралельно для відмовостійкості — всі вони читають і пишуть до одного ",[3118,4584,3989],{},[3114,4586,4587,4588,3154],{},"Якщо один екземпляр API-сервера падає — Load Balancer перенаправляє трафік на інші. Жоден стан не втрачається, бо все зберігається у ",[3118,4589,3989],{},[3970,4591,4593],{"id":4592},"etcd-розподілена-база-даних-стану","etcd — розподілена база даних стану",[3114,4595,4596,4598,4599,4602],{},[3130,4597,3989],{}," (вимовляється «ет-сі-ді») — це розподілене сховище типу «ключ-значення», яке є ",[3130,4600,4601],{},"єдиним джерелом правди"," для всього кластера. Тут зберігається все: поточний стан Podʼів, конфігурації, секрети, інформація про вузли, права доступу.",[3114,4604,4605,4606,4609,4610,4613],{},"Назва «etcd» походить від Unix-конвенції: конфігурації традиційно зберігаються у директорії ",[3118,4607,4608],{},"/etc",", а суфікс ",[3118,4611,4612],{},"-d"," означає «distributed» (розподілений).",[4615,4616,4617,4619,4620,4622,4623,4625],"caution",{},[3118,4618,3989],{}," — найкритичніший компонент кластера. Якщо ",[3118,4621,3989],{}," повністю втрачає дані — кластер втрачає стан: Kubernetes вже не знає, які Podʼи мали бути запущені, які Deployment існували, які секрети були збережені. Відновлення можливе лише з резервної копії. У production ",[3118,4624,3989],{}," обовʼязково розгортається у кластері з трьох вузлів та має регулярні резервні копії.",[4013,4627,4629],{"id":4628},"структура-даних-у-etcd","Структура даних у etcd",[3114,4631,4632],{},"etcd зберігає всі об'єкти Kubernetes у ієрархічній структурі ключів. Кожен об'єкт має унікальний шлях:",[3227,4634,4639],{"className":4635,"code":4637,"language":4638},[4636],"language-text","/registry/\n├── pods/\n│   ├── default/\n│   │   ├── nginx-deployment-7d6b8c9f4d-8xk2p\n│   │   ├── nginx-deployment-7d6b8c9f4d-m5n7q\n│   │   └── nginx-deployment-7d6b8c9f4d-z9w3r\n│   └── kube-system/\n│       ├── coredns-7db6d8ff4d-8xk2p\n│       └── kube-apiserver-minikube\n├── deployments/\n│   └── default/\n│       └── nginx-deployment\n├── services/\n│   └── default/\n│       └── kubernetes\n├── secrets/\n│   └── default/\n│       └── default-token-xxxxx\n└── configmaps/\n└── configmaps/\n    └── kube-system/\n        └── kubeadm-config\n","text",[3118,4640,4637],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3418,4642,4643],{},[3227,4644,4646],{"className":3422,"code":4645,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\npackage \"etcd Keyspace\" {\n  [registry] --> [pods]\n  [registry] --> [deployments]\n  [registry] --> [services]\n  \n  [pods] --> [default]\n  [pods] --> [kube-system]\n  \n  [default] --> [nginx-pod-1]\n  [default] --> [nginx-pod-2]\n}\n@enduml\n",[3118,4647,4648,4652,4656,4660,4664,4669,4674,4679,4684,4689,4694,4699,4703,4708,4713,4717],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4649,4650],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4651,3431],{},[3236,4653,4654],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4655,3436],{},[3236,4657,4658],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,4659,3441],{},[3236,4661,4662],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,4663,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,4665,4666],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,4667,4668],{},"package \"etcd Keyspace\" {\n",[3236,4670,4671],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,4672,4673],{},"  [registry] --> [pods]\n",[3236,4675,4676],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,4677,4678],{},"  [registry] --> [deployments]\n",[3236,4680,4681],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,4682,4683],{},"  [registry] --> [services]\n",[3236,4685,4686],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,4687,4688],{},"  \n",[3236,4690,4691],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,4692,4693],{},"  [pods] --> [default]\n",[3236,4695,4696],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,4697,4698],{},"  [pods] --> [kube-system]\n",[3236,4700,4701],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,4702,4688],{},[3236,4704,4705],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,4706,4707],{},"  [default] --> [nginx-pod-1]\n",[3236,4709,4710],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,4711,4712],{},"  [default] --> [nginx-pod-2]\n",[3236,4714,4715],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,4716,3486],{},[3236,4718,4719],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,4720,3538],{},[3114,4722,4723,4724,4727],{},"Кожен ключ містить повну специфікацію об'єкта у JSON-форматі. Наприклад, ",[3118,4725,4726],{},"/registry/pods/default/nginx-deployment-7d6b8c9f4d-8xk2p"," містить:",[3227,4729,4731],{"className":4422,"code":4730,"language":4424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"{\n  \"kind\": \"Pod\",\n  \"apiVersion\": \"v1\",\n  \"metadata\": {\n    \"name\": \"nginx-deployment-7d6b8c9f4d-8xk2p\",\n    \"namespace\": \"default\",\n    \"uid\": \"a3f8c9d1-2e45-4b6c-8d7e-9f0a1b2c3d4e\",\n    \"resourceVersion\": \"12345\"\n  },\n  \"spec\": { ... },\n  \"status\": { ... }\n}\n",[3118,4732,4733,4738,4750,4762,4770,4782,4794,4806,4816,4821,4836,4848],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4734,4735],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4736,4737],{"class":3245},"{\n",[3236,4739,4740,4743,4745,4747],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4741,4742],{"class":4434},"  \"kind\"",[3236,4744,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4746,4457],{"class":3375},[3236,4748,4749],{"class":3245},",\n",[3236,4751,4752,4755,4757,4760],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,4753,4754],{"class":4434},"  \"apiVersion\"",[3236,4756,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4758,4759],{"class":3375},"\"v1\"",[3236,4761,4749],{"class":3245},[3236,4763,4764,4767],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,4765,4766],{"class":4434},"  \"metadata\"",[3236,4768,4769],{"class":3245},": {\n",[3236,4771,4772,4775,4777,4780],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,4773,4774],{"class":4434},"    \"name\"",[3236,4776,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4778,4779],{"class":3375},"\"nginx-deployment-7d6b8c9f4d-8xk2p\"",[3236,4781,4749],{"class":3245},[3236,4783,4784,4787,4789,4792],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,4785,4786],{"class":4434},"    \"namespace\"",[3236,4788,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4790,4791],{"class":3375},"\"default\"",[3236,4793,4749],{"class":3245},[3236,4795,4796,4799,4801,4804],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,4797,4798],{"class":4434},"    \"uid\"",[3236,4800,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4802,4803],{"class":3375},"\"a3f8c9d1-2e45-4b6c-8d7e-9f0a1b2c3d4e\"",[3236,4805,4749],{"class":3245},[3236,4807,4808,4811,4813],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,4809,4810],{"class":4434},"    \"resourceVersion\"",[3236,4812,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,4814,4815],{"class":3375},"\"12345\"\n",[3236,4817,4818],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,4819,4820],{"class":3245},"  },\n",[3236,4822,4823,4826,4829,4833],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,4824,4825],{"class":4434},"  \"spec\"",[3236,4827,4828],{"class":3245},": { ",[3236,4830,4832],{"class":4831},"se1LK","...",[3236,4834,4835],{"class":3245}," },\n",[3236,4837,4838,4841,4843,4845],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,4839,4840],{"class":4434},"  \"status\"",[3236,4842,4828],{"class":3245},[3236,4844,4832],{"class":4831},[3236,4846,4847],{"class":3245}," }\n",[3236,4849,4850],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,4851,3486],{"class":3245},[4013,4853,4855],{"id":4854},"консенсус-raft-як-etcd-залишається-узгодженим","Консенсус Raft — як etcd залишається узгодженим",[3114,4857,4858,4859,4862],{},"etcd використовує алгоритм консенсусу ",[3130,4860,4861],{},"Raft"," для забезпечення узгодженості даних між вузлами кластера. Розглянемо, як це працює.",[4025,4864,4865],{},[3227,4866,4868],{"className":4029,"code":4867,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"sequenceDiagram\n    participant API as API Server\n    participant L as etcd Leader\n    participant F1 as etcd Follower 1\n    participant F2 as etcd Follower 2\n\n    API->>L: \"Записати Pod (nginx-1)\"\n    L->>F1: \"Реплікувати запис\"\n    L->>F2: \"Реплікувати запис\"\n    F1-->>L: \"ACK (підтверджено)\"\n    F2-->>L: \"ACK (підтверджено)\"\n    Note over L: \"Кворум досягнуто (2 з 3)\"\n    L->>L: \"Commit запис\"\n    L-->>API: \"Успішно збережено\"\n    L->>F1: \"Commit запис\"\n    L->>F2: \"Commit запис\"\n",[3118,4869,4870,4874,4879,4884,4889,4894,4898,4903,4908,4913,4918,4923,4928,4933,4938,4943],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,4871,4872],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,4873,4037],{},[3236,4875,4876],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,4877,4878],{},"    participant API as API Server\n",[3236,4880,4881],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,4882,4883],{},"    participant L as etcd Leader\n",[3236,4885,4886],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,4887,4888],{},"    participant F1 as etcd Follower 1\n",[3236,4890,4891],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,4892,4893],{},"    participant F2 as etcd Follower 2\n",[3236,4895,4896],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,4897,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,4899,4900],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,4901,4902],{},"    API->>L: \"Записати Pod (nginx-1)\"\n",[3236,4904,4905],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,4906,4907],{},"    L->>F1: \"Реплікувати запис\"\n",[3236,4909,4910],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,4911,4912],{},"    L->>F2: \"Реплікувати запис\"\n",[3236,4914,4915],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,4916,4917],{},"    F1-->>L: \"ACK (підтверджено)\"\n",[3236,4919,4920],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,4921,4922],{},"    F2-->>L: \"ACK (підтверджено)\"\n",[3236,4924,4925],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,4926,4927],{},"    Note over L: \"Кворум досягнуто (2 з 3)\"\n",[3236,4929,4930],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,4931,4932],{},"    L->>L: \"Commit запис\"\n",[3236,4934,4935],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,4936,4937],{},"    L-->>API: \"Успішно збережено\"\n",[3236,4939,4940],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,4941,4942],{},"    L->>F1: \"Commit запис\"\n",[3236,4944,4945],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,4946,4947],{},"    L->>F2: \"Commit запис\"\n",[3114,4949,4950],{},[3130,4951,4952],{},"Ключові концепції Raft:",[4113,4954,4955,4960,4964,4973],{},[4116,4956,4959],{"name":4957,"type":4958},"Leader (Лідер)","роль","Один вузол у кластері etcd є лідером. Всі запити на запис надходять до лідера. Він координує реплікацію даних на follower-вузли.",[4116,4961,4963],{"name":4962,"type":4958},"Follower (Послідовник)","Решта вузлів є follower. Вони отримують реплікації від лідера та можуть обслуговувати запити на читання.",[4116,4965,4968,4969,4972],{"name":4966,"type":4967},"Quorum (Кворум)","механізм","Для підтвердження запису потрібна більшість вузлів (N/2 + 1). У кластері з 3 вузлів — мінімум 2. Кворум потрібен для вирішення проблеми ",[3130,4970,4971],{},"Split Brain"," (роздвоєння мозку). Якщо через збій мережі кластер розділиться навпіл, лише та частина, що має більшість (кворум), зможе продовжувати роботу. Це гарантує, що в системі не виникне хаосу, коли дві групи вузлів приймають суперечливі рішення одночасно.",[4116,4974,4976],{"name":4975,"type":4967},"Leader Election (Вибори лідера)","Якщо лідер падає, follower автоматично проводять вибори нового лідера. Процес займає кілька секунд.",[4013,4978,4980],{"id":4979},"чому-непарна-кількість-вузлів","Чому непарна кількість вузлів?",[3114,4982,4983,4984,4987],{},"etcd рекомендується розгортати у кластері з ",[3130,4985,4986],{},"непарною"," кількістю вузлів (3, 5, 7). Розглянемо чому:",[3248,4989,4990,5006],{},[3251,4991,4992],{},[3254,4993,4994,4997,5000,5003],{},[3257,4995,4996],{},"Кількість вузлів",[3257,4998,4999],{},"Кворум",[3257,5001,5002],{},"Витримує відмов",[3257,5004,5005],{},"Коментар",[3267,5007,5008,5021,5033,5051,5063,5081,5093],{},[3254,5009,5010,5013,5015,5018],{},[3272,5011,5012],{},"1",[3272,5014,5012],{},[3272,5016,5017],{},"0",[3272,5019,5020],{},"Немає відмовостійкості",[3254,5022,5023,5026,5028,5030],{},[3272,5024,5025],{},"2",[3272,5027,5025],{},[3272,5029,5017],{},[3272,5031,5032],{},"Якщо один впаде — кворум втрачено",[3254,5034,5035,5040,5044,5048],{},[3272,5036,5037],{},[3130,5038,5039],{},"3",[3272,5041,5042],{},[3130,5043,5025],{},[3272,5045,5046],{},[3130,5047,5012],{},[3272,5049,5050],{},"✅ Оптимально для невеликих кластерів",[3254,5052,5053,5056,5058,5060],{},[3272,5054,5055],{},"4",[3272,5057,5039],{},[3272,5059,5012],{},[3272,5061,5062],{},"Витримує стільки ж відмов, що й 3, але дорожче",[3254,5064,5065,5070,5074,5078],{},[3272,5066,5067],{},[3130,5068,5069],{},"5",[3272,5071,5072],{},[3130,5073,5039],{},[3272,5075,5076],{},[3130,5077,5025],{},[3272,5079,5080],{},"✅ Оптимально для production",[3254,5082,5083,5086,5088,5090],{},[3272,5084,5085],{},"6",[3272,5087,5055],{},[3272,5089,5025],{},[3272,5091,5092],{},"Витримує стільки ж відмов, що й 5, але дорожче",[3254,5094,5095,5100,5104,5108],{},[3272,5096,5097],{},[3130,5098,5099],{},"7",[3272,5101,5102],{},[3130,5103,5055],{},[3272,5105,5106],{},[3130,5107,5039],{},[3272,5109,5110],{},"✅ Для критичних систем",[3114,5112,5113,5116],{},[3130,5114,5115],{},"Висновок:"," Кластер з 4 вузлів витримує лише 1 відмову (так само, як 3 вузли), але споживає більше ресурсів. Тому завжди використовуйте непарну кількість.",[3114,5118,5119],{},[3569,5120],{"alt":5121,"className":5122,"src":5123},"etcd raft consensus algorithm distributed system",[3573],"/images/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture/03.png",[3418,5125,5126],{},[3227,5127,5129],{"className":3422,"code":5128,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\nnode \"etcd Cluster\" {\n    package \"Leader\" #LightGreen {\n        [State Store L]\n    }\n    package \"Follower 1\" {\n        [State Store F1]\n    }\n    package \"Follower 2\" {\n        [State Store F2]\n    }\n\n    [State Store L] -down-> [State Store F1] : Replicate (Raft)\n    [State Store L] -down-> [State Store F2] : Replicate (Raft)\n    [State Store F1] .up.> [State Store L] : ACK\n    [State Store F2] .up.> [State Store L] : ACK\n}\n\nnote right of Leader\n  Кворум = N/2 + 1\n  (2 з 3 вузлів)\nend note\n@enduml\n",[3118,5130,5131,5135,5139,5143,5147,5152,5157,5162,5166,5171,5176,5180,5185,5190,5194,5198,5203,5208,5213,5218,5222,5226,5231,5236,5241,5245],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,5132,5133],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,5134,3431],{},[3236,5136,5137],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,5138,3436],{},[3236,5140,5141],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,5142,3441],{},[3236,5144,5145],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,5146,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5148,5149],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,5150,5151],{},"node \"etcd Cluster\" {\n",[3236,5153,5154],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,5155,5156],{},"    package \"Leader\" #LightGreen {\n",[3236,5158,5159],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,5160,5161],{},"        [State Store L]\n",[3236,5163,5164],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,5165,3480],{},[3236,5167,5168],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,5169,5170],{},"    package \"Follower 1\" {\n",[3236,5172,5173],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,5174,5175],{},"        [State Store F1]\n",[3236,5177,5178],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,5179,3480],{},[3236,5181,5182],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,5183,5184],{},"    package \"Follower 2\" {\n",[3236,5186,5187],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,5188,5189],{},"        [State Store F2]\n",[3236,5191,5192],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,5193,3480],{},[3236,5195,5196],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,5197,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5199,5200],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,5201,5202],{},"    [State Store L] -down-> [State Store F1] : Replicate (Raft)\n",[3236,5204,5205],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,5206,5207],{},"    [State Store L] -down-> [State Store F2] : Replicate (Raft)\n",[3236,5209,5210],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,5211,5212],{},"    [State Store F1] .up.> [State Store L] : ACK\n",[3236,5214,5215],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,5216,5217],{},"    [State Store F2] .up.> [State Store L] : ACK\n",[3236,5219,5220],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,5221,3486],{},[3236,5223,5224],{"class":3238,"line":3674},[3236,5225,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5227,5228],{"class":3238,"line":3679},[3236,5229,5230],{},"note right of Leader\n",[3236,5232,5233],{"class":3238,"line":3685},[3236,5234,5235],{},"  Кворум = N/2 + 1\n",[3236,5237,5238],{"class":3238,"line":3691},[3236,5239,5240],{},"  (2 з 3 вузлів)\n",[3236,5242,5243],{"class":3238,"line":3697},[3236,5244,3521],{},[3236,5246,5248],{"class":3238,"line":5247},26,[3236,5249,3538],{},[4013,5251,5253],{"id":5252},"продуктивність-та-обмеження","Продуктивність та обмеження",[3114,5255,5256,5257,5260],{},"etcd оптимізовано для ",[3130,5258,5259],{},"узгодженості"," (consistency), а не для продуктивності. Типові характеристики:",[3704,5262,5263,5269,5275,5281],{},[3707,5264,5265,5268],{},[3130,5266,5267],{},"Пропускна здатність запису",": ~10,000 записів/сек (залежить від розміру об'єктів)",[3707,5270,5271,5274],{},[3130,5272,5273],{},"Латентність запису",": 10-50 мс (залежить від мережі між вузлами)",[3707,5276,5277,5280],{},[3130,5278,5279],{},"Розмір бази даних",": рекомендовано до 8 ГБ (за замовчуванням ліміт — 2 ГБ)",[3707,5282,5283,5286],{},[3130,5284,5285],{},"Кількість об'єктів",": до ~100,000 Pod у кластері",[5288,5289,5290,5293],"warning",{},[3130,5291,5292],{},"Обмеження etcd:"," Якщо база даних etcd перевищує 8 ГБ або кластер містить понад 5,000 вузлів — продуктивність деградує. Для таких масштабів потрібна федерація кластерів або інші рішення.",[4013,5295,5297],{"id":5296},"резервне-копіювання-etcd","Резервне копіювання etcd",[3114,5299,5300],{},"Оскільки etcd — єдине джерело правди, регулярні резервні копії критично важливі:",[3227,5302,5304],{"className":3229,"code":5303,"language":3231,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"# Створити snapshot etcd\nETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl snapshot save /backup/etcd-snapshot.db \\\n  --endpoints=https://127.0.0.1:2379 \\\n  --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt \\\n  --cert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt \\\n  --key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key\n\n# Перевірити snapshot\nETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl snapshot status /backup/etcd-snapshot.db\n",[3118,5305,5306,5311,5338,5345,5352,5359,5364,5368,5373],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,5307,5308],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,5309,5310],{"class":3366},"# Створити snapshot etcd\n",[3236,5312,5313,5317,5320,5322,5325,5328,5331,5334],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,5314,5316],{"class":5315},"siwwj","ETCDCTL_API",[3236,5318,5319],{"class":3245},"=",[3236,5321,5039],{"class":3375},[3236,5323,5324],{"class":3242}," etcdctl",[3236,5326,5327],{"class":3375}," snapshot",[3236,5329,5330],{"class":3375}," save",[3236,5332,5333],{"class":3375}," /backup/etcd-snapshot.db",[3236,5335,5337],{"class":5336},"sjcCO"," \\\n",[3236,5339,5340,5343],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,5341,5342],{"class":4411},"  --endpoints=https://127.0.0.1:2379",[3236,5344,5337],{"class":5336},[3236,5346,5347,5350],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,5348,5349],{"class":4411},"  --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt",[3236,5351,5337],{"class":5336},[3236,5353,5354,5357],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,5355,5356],{"class":4411},"  --cert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt",[3236,5358,5337],{"class":5336},[3236,5360,5361],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,5362,5363],{"class":4411},"  --key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key\n",[3236,5365,5366],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,5367,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5369,5370],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,5371,5372],{"class":3366},"# Перевірити snapshot\n",[3236,5374,5375,5377,5379,5381,5383,5385,5388],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,5376,5316],{"class":5315},[3236,5378,5319],{"class":3245},[3236,5380,5039],{"class":3375},[3236,5382,5324],{"class":3242},[3236,5384,5327],{"class":3375},[3236,5386,5387],{"class":3375}," status",[3236,5389,5390],{"class":3375}," /backup/etcd-snapshot.db\n",[3114,5392,5393],{},"У production рекомендується автоматизувати резервне копіювання (наприклад, через CronJob у Kubernetes) та зберігати копії у віддаленому сховищі (S3, GCS).",[3970,5395,5397],{"id":5396},"kube-scheduler-планувальник-розміщення","kube-scheduler — планувальник розміщення",[3114,5399,5400,5401,5404,5405,5408],{},"Коли у кластері зʼявляється новий Pod, якому ще не призначено вузол (статус ",[3118,5402,5403],{},"Pending","), завдання ",[3130,5406,5407],{},"kube-scheduler"," — знайти для нього найбільш підходящий worker-вузол.",[3114,5410,5411,5412,5415,5416,3154],{},"Scheduler не призначає вузол навмання. Він аналізує кожен доступний вузол і перевіряє цілий ряд умов через двофазний процес: ",[3130,5413,5414],{},"фільтрація"," та ",[3130,5417,5418],{},"оцінювання",[4013,5420,5422],{"id":5421},"процес-планування-від-pending-до-running","Процес планування: від Pending до Running",[4025,5424,5425],{},[3227,5426,5428],{"className":4029,"code":5427,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"sequenceDiagram\n    participant D as Deployment Controller\n    participant API as API Server\n    participant S as Scheduler\n    participant K as Kubelet\n\n    D->>API: \"Створити Pod (nodeName: null)\"\n    API->>API: \"Зберегти у etcd (status: Pending)\"\n\n    S->>API: \"Watch: нові Pod без nodeName?\"\n    API-->>S: \"Pod nginx-1 (nodeName: null)\"\n\n    Note over S: \"Фаза 1: Фільтрація\"\n    S->>S: \"Перевірити вузли\u003Cbr/>(ресурси, taints, affinity)\"\n    Note over S: \"Вузли: [node-1 ✓, node-2 ✗, node-3 ✓]\"\n\n    Note over S: \"Фаза 2: Оцінювання\"\n    S->>S: \"Ранжувати вузли\u003Cbr/>(балансування, locality)\"\n    Note over S: \"node-1: 85 балів\u003Cbr/>node-3: 72 бали\"\n\n    S->>API: \"PATCH Pod: nodeName = node-1\"\n    API->>API: \"Оновити у etcd\"\n\n    K->>API: \"Watch: Pod для мого вузла?\"\n    API-->>K: \"Pod nginx-1 (nodeName: node-1)\"\n    K->>K: \"Запустити контейнер\"\n    K->>API: \"PATCH Pod: status = Running\"\n",[3118,5429,5430,5434,5439,5443,5448,5453,5457,5462,5467,5471,5476,5481,5485,5490,5495,5500,5504,5509,5514,5519,5523,5528,5533,5537,5542,5547,5552],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,5431,5432],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,5433,4037],{},[3236,5435,5436],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,5437,5438],{},"    participant D as Deployment Controller\n",[3236,5440,5441],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,5442,4878],{},[3236,5444,5445],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,5446,5447],{},"    participant S as Scheduler\n",[3236,5449,5450],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,5451,5452],{},"    participant K as Kubelet\n",[3236,5454,5455],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,5456,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5458,5459],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,5460,5461],{},"    D->>API: \"Створити Pod (nodeName: null)\"\n",[3236,5463,5464],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,5465,5466],{},"    API->>API: \"Зберегти у etcd (status: Pending)\"\n",[3236,5468,5469],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,5470,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5472,5473],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,5474,5475],{},"    S->>API: \"Watch: нові Pod без nodeName?\"\n",[3236,5477,5478],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,5479,5480],{},"    API-->>S: \"Pod nginx-1 (nodeName: null)\"\n",[3236,5482,5483],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,5484,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5486,5487],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,5488,5489],{},"    Note over S: \"Фаза 1: Фільтрація\"\n",[3236,5491,5492],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,5493,5494],{},"    S->>S: \"Перевірити вузли\u003Cbr/>(ресурси, taints, affinity)\"\n",[3236,5496,5497],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,5498,5499],{},"    Note over S: \"Вузли: [node-1 ✓, node-2 ✗, node-3 ✓]\"\n",[3236,5501,5502],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,5503,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5505,5506],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,5507,5508],{},"    Note over S: \"Фаза 2: Оцінювання\"\n",[3236,5510,5511],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,5512,5513],{},"    S->>S: \"Ранжувати вузли\u003Cbr/>(балансування, locality)\"\n",[3236,5515,5516],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,5517,5518],{},"    Note over S: \"node-1: 85 балів\u003Cbr/>node-3: 72 бали\"\n",[3236,5520,5521],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,5522,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5524,5525],{"class":3238,"line":3674},[3236,5526,5527],{},"    S->>API: \"PATCH Pod: nodeName = node-1\"\n",[3236,5529,5530],{"class":3238,"line":3679},[3236,5531,5532],{},"    API->>API: \"Оновити у etcd\"\n",[3236,5534,5535],{"class":3238,"line":3685},[3236,5536,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5538,5539],{"class":3238,"line":3691},[3236,5540,5541],{},"    K->>API: \"Watch: Pod для мого вузла?\"\n",[3236,5543,5544],{"class":3238,"line":3697},[3236,5545,5546],{},"    API-->>K: \"Pod nginx-1 (nodeName: node-1)\"\n",[3236,5548,5549],{"class":3238,"line":5247},[3236,5550,5551],{},"    K->>K: \"Запустити контейнер\"\n",[3236,5553,5555],{"class":3238,"line":5554},27,[3236,5556,5557],{},"    K->>API: \"PATCH Pod: status = Running\"\n",[4013,5559,5561],{"id":5560},"фаза-1-фільтрація-predicate","Фаза 1: Фільтрація (Predicate)",[3114,5563,5564,5565,5568],{},"Scheduler перевіряє кожен вузол на відповідність ",[3130,5566,5567],{},"обов'язковим вимогам",". Якщо вузол не проходить хоча б одну перевірку — він виключається з розгляду.",[4113,5570,5571],{},[4116,5572,5575,5582],{"name":5573,"type":5574},"PodFitsResources","фільтр",[3114,5576,5577,5578,5581],{},"Чи достатньо на вузлі CPU та памʼяті для задоволення ",[3118,5579,5580],{},"requests"," Podʼу? Якщо Pod потребує 500m CPU, а на вузлі залишилось лише 200m — вузол відхиляється.",[3405,5583,5584,5589],{},[3114,5585,5586],{},[3130,5587,5588],{},"Як вимірюються ресурси в Kubernetes?",[3704,5590,5591,5605],{},[3707,5592,5593,5596,5597,5600,5601,5604],{},[3130,5594,5595],{},"CPU"," вимірюється в мілікорах (m). ",[3130,5598,5599],{},"1000m"," дорівнює одному повному ядру процесора. Якщо Pod просить ",[3118,5602,5603],{},"500m",", йому потрібно рівно половина потужності одного ядра.",[3707,5606,5607,5610,5611,5614],{},[3130,5608,5609],{},"Пам'ять"," вимірюється в байтах з префіксами. Найчастіше ви побачите ",[3130,5612,5613],{},"Mi"," (Мебібайти, 1024 KB), на відміну від звичайних MB (1000 KB).",[3114,5616,5617],{},"::",[4116,5619,5621,5622,5625,5626,5628],{"name":5620,"type":5574},"PodFitsHostPorts","Чи не зайнятий порт, який Pod хоче відкрити на вузлі через ",[3118,5623,5624],{},"hostPort","? Два Pod не можуть використовувати один і той самий ",[3118,5627,5624],{}," на одному вузлі.",[4116,5630,5632,5633,5636,5637,5640],{"name":5631,"type":5574},"NodeSelector","Чи має вузол мітки, які вимагає Pod через ",[3118,5634,5635],{},"nodeSelector","? Наприклад, якщо Pod вимагає ",[3118,5638,5639],{},"disktype=ssd",", вузли без цієї мітки відхиляються. Це найпростіший спосіб сказати: \"Хочу працювати тільки на вузлі з SSD\".",[4116,5642,5644,5645,5648,5649,5652,5653,5656,5657,5659],{"name":5643,"type":5574},"TaintToleration","Чи має Pod ",[3118,5646,5647],{},"toleration"," для всіх ",[3118,5650,5651],{},"taints"," вузла? ",[3130,5654,5655],{},"Taint"," — це \"табличка на дверях\" вузла: \"Тільки для GPU\" або \"Тут ремонт\". Вузол відштовхує всі Pod, які не мають спеціальної перепустки (",[3130,5658,5647],{},").",[4116,5661,5663,5664,5667,5668,5671],{"name":5662,"type":5574},"PodAffinity/AntiAffinity","Правила \"сусідства\". ",[3130,5665,5666],{},"Affinity"," дозволяє запустити контейнер поруч із певним Pod (наприклад, щоб вони спілкувалися через локальну мережу швидше). ",[3130,5669,5670],{},"Anti-Affinity"," навпаки — забороняє сусідство. Наприклад: \"Ніколи не запускай основну базу і її бекап на одному фізичному сервері\", щоб уникнути втрати всього при збої заліза.",[4116,5673,5675,5676,5679],{"name":5674,"type":5574},"VolumeBinding","Чи може вузол змонтувати всі volumes, які потребує Pod? Наприклад, якщо Pod потребує PersistentVolume, прив'язаний до зони ",[3118,5677,5678],{},"us-east-1a",", вузли з інших зон відхиляються.",[3114,5681,5617],{},[3114,5683,5684],{},[3130,5685,5686],{},"Приклад фільтрації:",[3227,5688,5691],{"className":5689,"code":5690,"language":4638},[4636],"Кластер: 5 вузлів\nPod потребує: 2 CPU, 4 Gi RAM, мітка disktype=ssd\n\nВузол 1: 1 CPU доступно   → ✗ Відхилено (PodFitsResources)\nВузол 2: 3 CPU, 8 Gi RAM  → ✓ Пройшов\nВузол 3: 4 CPU, 6 Gi RAM, disktype=hdd → ✗ Відхилено (NodeSelector)\nВузол 4: 3 CPU, 8 Gi RAM, disktype=ssd → ✓ Пройшов\nВузол 5: 2 CPU, 4 Gi RAM, disktype=ssd → ✓ Пройшов\n\nРезультат фільтрації: [Вузол 2, Вузол 4, Вузол 5]\n",[3118,5692,5690],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[4013,5694,5696],{"id":5695},"фаза-2-оцінювання-scoring","Фаза 2: Оцінювання (Scoring)",[3114,5698,5699,5700,5703],{},"Серед вузлів, що пройшли фільтрацію, scheduler ",[3130,5701,5702],{},"ранжує"," їх за балами (0-100). Вузол з найвищим балом обирається для розміщення Pod.",[4113,5705,5706,5719,5727,5735,5739],{},[4116,5707,5710,5711,5714,5715,5718],{"name":5708,"type":5709},"LeastRequestedPriority","оцінка","Надає перевагу вузлам з ",[3130,5712,5713],{},"меншим"," використанням ресурсів. Формула: ",[3118,5716,5717],{},"(capacity - requests) / capacity * 100",". Мета — рівномірно розподілити навантаження.",[4116,5720,5722,5723,5726],{"name":5721,"type":5709},"BalancedResourceAllocation","Надає перевагу вузлам, де CPU та Memory використовуються ",[3130,5724,5725],{},"пропорційно",". Якщо на вузлі 80% CPU зайнято, але лише 20% RAM — бал знижується.",[4116,5728,5730,5731,5734],{"name":5729,"type":5709},"NodeAffinityPriority","Надає перевагу вузлам, які відповідають ",[3118,5732,5733],{},"preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution"," affinity правилам (м'які вимоги).",[4116,5736,5738],{"name":5737,"type":5709},"InterPodAffinityPriority","Надає перевагу вузлам, де вже працюють Pod з певними мітками (для locality) або, навпаки, де їх немає (для anti-affinity).",[4116,5740,5742],{"name":5741,"type":5709},"ImageLocalityPriority","Надає перевагу вузлам, де образ контейнера вже завантажено. Це зменшує час запуску Pod.",[3114,5744,5745],{},[3130,5746,5747],{},"Приклад оцінювання:",[3227,5749,5752],{"className":5750,"code":5751,"language":4638},[4636],"Вузли після фільтрації: [Вузол 2, Вузол 4, Вузол 5]\n\nВузол 2:\n  - LeastRequestedPriority: 60 балів (40% ресурсів зайнято)\n  - BalancedResourceAllocation: 80 балів (CPU 45%, RAM 40%)\n  - ImageLocalityPriority: 0 балів (образ не завантажено)\n  Загальний бал: (60 + 80 + 0) / 3 = 47 балів\n\nВузол 4:\n  - LeastRequestedPriority: 80 балів (20% ресурсів зайнято)\n  - BalancedResourceAllocation: 90 балів (CPU 22%, RAM 18%)\n  - ImageLocalityPriority: 100 балів (образ вже є)\n  Загальний бал: (80 + 90 + 100) / 3 = 90 балів ← Переможець\n\nВузол 5:\n  - LeastRequestedPriority: 50 балів (50% ресурсів зайнято)\n  - BalancedResourceAllocation: 70 балів (CPU 60%, RAM 40%)\n  - ImageLocalityPriority: 0 балів (образ не завантажено)\n  Загальний бал: (50 + 70 + 0) / 3 = 40 балів\n\nРезультат: Pod призначається Вузлу 4\n",[3118,5753,5751],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[4013,5755,5757],{"id":5756},"візуалізація-процесу-планування","Візуалізація процесу планування",[3114,5759,5760],{},[3569,5761],{"alt":5762,"className":5763,"src":5764},"kubernetes scheduler filtering scoring process diagram",[3573],"/images/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture/04.jpg",[3418,5766,5767],{},[3227,5768,5770],{"className":3422,"code":5769,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\n(*) --> \"New Pod (Pending)\"\n--> \"Phase 1: Filtering (Predicates)\"\nnote right: Resources, Labels, Taints...\n--> \"Phase 2: Scoring (Priorities)\"\nnote right: Least Requested, Image Locality...\n--> \"Binding\"\n--> \"Pod Assigned to Node\"\n--> (*)\n\n@enduml\n",[3118,5771,5772,5776,5780,5784,5788,5793,5798,5803,5808,5813,5818,5823,5827,5831],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,5773,5774],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,5775,3431],{},[3236,5777,5778],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,5779,3436],{},[3236,5781,5782],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,5783,3441],{},[3236,5785,5786],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,5787,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5789,5790],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,5791,5792],{},"(*) --> \"New Pod (Pending)\"\n",[3236,5794,5795],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,5796,5797],{},"--> \"Phase 1: Filtering (Predicates)\"\n",[3236,5799,5800],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,5801,5802],{},"note right: Resources, Labels, Taints...\n",[3236,5804,5805],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,5806,5807],{},"--> \"Phase 2: Scoring (Priorities)\"\n",[3236,5809,5810],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,5811,5812],{},"note right: Least Requested, Image Locality...\n",[3236,5814,5815],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,5816,5817],{},"--> \"Binding\"\n",[3236,5819,5820],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,5821,5822],{},"--> \"Pod Assigned to Node\"\n",[3236,5824,5825],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,5826,4235],{},[3236,5828,5829],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,5830,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5832,5833],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,5834,3538],{},[4013,5836,5838],{"id":5837},"що-робити-якщо-жоден-вузол-не-підходить","Що робити, якщо жоден вузол не підходить?",[3114,5840,5841,5842,5844,5845,5848],{},"Якщо після фільтрації не залишилось жодного вузла — Pod залишається у стані ",[3118,5843,5403],{}," з причиною ",[3118,5846,5847],{},"Unschedulable",". Scheduler періодично повторює спробу планування (кожні кілька секунд).",[3114,5850,5851],{},"Типові причини:",[3704,5853,5854,5860,5866],{},[3707,5855,5856,5859],{},[3130,5857,5858],{},"Insufficient CPU/Memory",": Немає вузлів з достатніми ресурсами",[3707,5861,5862,5865],{},[3130,5863,5864],{},"No nodes available",": Усі вузли мають taints, які Pod не толерує",[3707,5867,5868,5871],{},[3130,5869,5870],{},"PersistentVolume not available",": Немає доступних volumes у потрібній зоні",[3114,5873,5874],{},"Переглянути причину:",[3227,5876,5878],{"className":3229,"code":5877,"language":3231,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"kubectl describe pod \u003Cназва-podʼу>\n",[3118,5879,5880],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,5881,5882,5884,5887,5890,5893,5896],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,5883,3195],{"class":3242},[3236,5885,5886],{"class":3375}," describe",[3236,5888,5889],{"class":3375}," pod",[3236,5891,5892],{"class":3245}," \u003C",[3236,5894,5895],{"class":3375},"назва-podʼ",[3236,5897,5898],{"class":3245},"у>\n",[3114,5900,5901,5902,5904],{},"У секції ",[3118,5903,1817],{}," буде повідомлення на кшталт:",[3227,5906,5909],{"className":5907,"code":5908,"language":4638},[4636],"Warning  FailedScheduling  Pod cannot be scheduled: 0/3 nodes are available:\n         3 Insufficient cpu.\n",[3118,5910,5908],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3142,5912],{},[3970,5914,5916],{"id":5915},"kube-controller-manager-двигун-самовідновлення","kube-controller-manager — двигун самовідновлення",[3114,5918,5919,5920,5923,5924,5927],{},"Цей підхід має назву ",[3130,5921,5922],{},"reconciliation loop"," (цикл узгодження) і є фундаментальним принципом Kubernetes. Уявіть це як ",[3130,5925,5926],{},"круїз-контроль"," в автомобілі: ви виставляєте бажану швидкість (наприклад, 100 км/год), а система постійно перевіряє реальну швидкість і автоматично додає або скидає газ, щоб вона збігалася з вашим бажанням.",[4013,5929,5931],{"id":5930},"reconciliation-loop-серце-kubernetes","Reconciliation Loop — серце Kubernetes",[4025,5933,5934],{},[3227,5935,5937],{"className":4029,"code":5936,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"stateDiagram-v2\n    [*] --> Watch: Контролер запущено\n    Watch --> Compare: Отримано подію\n    Compare --> Match: Стани збігаються?\n    Match --> Watch: Так ✓\n    Match --> Reconcile: Ні ✗\n    Reconcile --> APICall: Створити/Оновити/Видалити\n    APICall --> Watch: Повернутись до спостереження\n\n    note right of Watch\n        Контролер відстежує зміни\n        через Watch API\n    end note\n\n    note right of Compare\n        Порівняння:\n        Desired State vs Current State\n    end note\n\n    note right of Reconcile\n        Усунення розбіжностей:\n        - Створити відсутні Pod\n        - Видалити зайві Pod\n        - Оновити конфігурацію\n    end note\n\n    classDef blue fill:#3b82f6,stroke:#1d4ed8,color:#fff\n    classDef orange fill:#f59e0b,stroke:#b45309,color:#fff\n    classDef teal fill:#0f766e,stroke:#134e4a,color:#fff\n\n    class Watch blue\n    class Compare orange\n    class Reconcile teal\n",[3118,5938,5939,5944,5949,5954,5959,5964,5969,5974,5979,5983,5988,5993,5998,6003,6007,6012,6017,6022,6026,6030,6035,6040,6045,6050,6055,6059,6063,6068,6074,6080,6085,6091,6097],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,5940,5941],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,5942,5943],{},"stateDiagram-v2\n",[3236,5945,5946],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,5947,5948],{},"    [*] --> Watch: Контролер запущено\n",[3236,5950,5951],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,5952,5953],{},"    Watch --> Compare: Отримано подію\n",[3236,5955,5956],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,5957,5958],{},"    Compare --> Match: Стани збігаються?\n",[3236,5960,5961],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,5962,5963],{},"    Match --> Watch: Так ✓\n",[3236,5965,5966],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,5967,5968],{},"    Match --> Reconcile: Ні ✗\n",[3236,5970,5971],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,5972,5973],{},"    Reconcile --> APICall: Створити/Оновити/Видалити\n",[3236,5975,5976],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,5977,5978],{},"    APICall --> Watch: Повернутись до спостереження\n",[3236,5980,5981],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,5982,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,5984,5985],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,5986,5987],{},"    note right of Watch\n",[3236,5989,5990],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,5991,5992],{},"        Контролер відстежує зміни\n",[3236,5994,5995],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,5996,5997],{},"        через Watch API\n",[3236,5999,6000],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,6001,6002],{},"    end note\n",[3236,6004,6005],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,6006,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6008,6009],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,6010,6011],{},"    note right of Compare\n",[3236,6013,6014],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,6015,6016],{},"        Порівняння:\n",[3236,6018,6019],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,6020,6021],{},"        Desired State vs Current State\n",[3236,6023,6024],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,6025,6002],{},[3236,6027,6028],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,6029,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6031,6032],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,6033,6034],{},"    note right of Reconcile\n",[3236,6036,6037],{"class":3238,"line":3674},[3236,6038,6039],{},"        Усунення розбіжностей:\n",[3236,6041,6042],{"class":3238,"line":3679},[3236,6043,6044],{},"        - Створити відсутні Pod\n",[3236,6046,6047],{"class":3238,"line":3685},[3236,6048,6049],{},"        - Видалити зайві Pod\n",[3236,6051,6052],{"class":3238,"line":3691},[3236,6053,6054],{},"        - Оновити конфігурацію\n",[3236,6056,6057],{"class":3238,"line":3697},[3236,6058,6002],{},[3236,6060,6061],{"class":3238,"line":5247},[3236,6062,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6064,6065],{"class":3238,"line":5554},[3236,6066,6067],{},"    classDef blue fill:#3b82f6,stroke:#1d4ed8,color:#fff\n",[3236,6069,6071],{"class":3238,"line":6070},28,[3236,6072,6073],{},"    classDef orange fill:#f59e0b,stroke:#b45309,color:#fff\n",[3236,6075,6077],{"class":3238,"line":6076},29,[3236,6078,6079],{},"    classDef teal fill:#0f766e,stroke:#134e4a,color:#fff\n",[3236,6081,6083],{"class":3238,"line":6082},30,[3236,6084,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6086,6088],{"class":3238,"line":6087},31,[3236,6089,6090],{},"    class Watch blue\n",[3236,6092,6094],{"class":3238,"line":6093},32,[3236,6095,6096],{},"    class Compare orange\n",[3236,6098,6100],{"class":3238,"line":6099},33,[3236,6101,6102],{},"    class Reconcile teal\n",[3114,6104,6105],{},[3130,6106,6107],{},"Приклад: ReplicaSet Controller",[3114,6109,6110],{},"Розглянемо, як ReplicaSet Controller підтримує задану кількість реплік:",[3227,6112,6115],{"className":6113,"code":6114,"language":4638},[4636],"Бажаний стан (Desired State):\n  ReplicaSet \"nginx\" має мати 3 репліки\n\nПоточний стан (Current State):\n  Реально працює 2 Pod з міткою app=nginx\n\nРозбіжність (Drift):\n  3 (бажано) - 2 (реально) = 1 (не вистачає)\n\nДія контролера (Reconciliation):\n  Створити 1 новий Pod через API-сервер\n\nНовий стан:\n  3 репліки ✓ (стани збіглися)\n",[3118,6116,6114],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3418,6118,6119],{},[3227,6120,6122],{"className":3422,"code":6121,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\nstate \"Спостереження (Watch)\" as Watch\nstate \"Порівняння (Compare)\" as Compare\nstate \"Дія (Reconcile)\" as Action\n\n[*] --> Watch\nWatch --> Compare : Подія\nCompare --> Watch : Збігається ✓\nCompare --> Action : Розбіжність ✗\nAction --> Watch : Виправлено\n@enduml\n",[3118,6123,6124,6128,6132,6136,6140,6145,6150,6155,6159,6164,6169,6174,6179,6184],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,6125,6126],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,6127,3431],{},[3236,6129,6130],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,6131,3436],{},[3236,6133,6134],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,6135,3441],{},[3236,6137,6138],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,6139,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6141,6142],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,6143,6144],{},"state \"Спостереження (Watch)\" as Watch\n",[3236,6146,6147],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,6148,6149],{},"state \"Порівняння (Compare)\" as Compare\n",[3236,6151,6152],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,6153,6154],{},"state \"Дія (Reconcile)\" as Action\n",[3236,6156,6157],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,6158,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6160,6161],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,6162,6163],{},"[*] --> Watch\n",[3236,6165,6166],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,6167,6168],{},"Watch --> Compare : Подія\n",[3236,6170,6171],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,6172,6173],{},"Compare --> Watch : Збігається ✓\n",[3236,6175,6176],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,6177,6178],{},"Compare --> Action : Розбіжність ✗\n",[3236,6180,6181],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,6182,6183],{},"Action --> Watch : Виправлено\n",[3236,6185,6186],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,6187,3538],{},[4013,6189,6191],{"id":6190},"основні-контролери-у-kube-controller-manager","Основні контролери у kube-controller-manager",[3114,6193,6194,6195,6198],{},"У ",[3118,6196,6197],{},"kube-controller-manager"," працює понад 20 контролерів. Розглянемо найважливіші:",[4113,6200,6201,6206,6210,6218,6225,6229,6233],{},[4116,6202,6205],{"name":6203,"type":6204},"ReplicaSet Controller","контролер","Підтримує задану кількість реплік Pod. Якщо Pod видаляється — створює новий. Якщо Pod більше, ніж потрібно — видаляє зайві.",[4116,6207,6209],{"name":6208,"type":6204},"Deployment Controller","Керує оновленнями Deployment через створення нових ReplicaSet та поступове зменшення старих. Реалізує rolling updates.",[4116,6211,6213,6214,6217],{"name":6212,"type":6204},"Node Controller","Відстежує стан вузлів. Якщо вузол не відповідає протягом 40 секунд — позначає його як ",[3118,6215,6216],{},"NotReady",". Якщо не відповідає 5 хвилин — евакуює Pod на інші вузли.",[4116,6219,6221,6222,5659],{"name":6220,"type":6204},"Job Controller","Запускає Pod для одноразових задач. Стежить за успішним завершенням і створює нові Pod при невдачах (згідно з ",[3118,6223,6224],{},"backoffLimit",[4116,6226,6228],{"name":6227,"type":6204},"Service Account Controller","Автоматично створює default ServiceAccount для кожного нового namespace та генерує токени для автентифікації Pod.",[4116,6230,6232],{"name":6231,"type":6204},"Endpoint Controller","Відстежує Pod, які відповідають селектору Service, та оновлює об'єкт Endpoints зі списком IP-адрес цих Pod.",[4116,6234,6236],{"name":6235,"type":6204},"Namespace Controller","При видаленні namespace видаляє всі ресурси всередині нього (Pod, Service, ConfigMap тощо).",[4013,6238,6240],{"id":6239},"приклад-node-controller-у-дії","Приклад: Node Controller у дії",[3114,6242,6243],{},"Розглянемо детально, як Node Controller реагує на недоступність вузла:",[4025,6245,6246],{},[3227,6247,6249],{"className":4029,"code":6248,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"sequenceDiagram\n    participant NC as Node Controller\n    participant API as API Server\n    participant K as Kubelet (Node 2)\n    participant S as Scheduler\n\n    loop Кожні 5 секунд\n        NC->>API: \"Перевірити heartbeat від вузлів\"\n    end\n\n    Note over K: \"Вузол 2 втратив мережу\"\n\n    NC->>API: \"Heartbeat від Node 2?\"\n    API-->>NC: \"Останній heartbeat: 45 секунд тому\"\n    NC->>API: \"PATCH Node 2: status = NotReady\"\n\n    Note over NC: \"Чекає 5 хвилин...\"\n\n    NC->>API: \"Node 2 досі NotReady?\"\n    API-->>NC: \"Так, 5 хвилин 10 секунд\"\n\n    NC->>API: \"Отримати Pod на Node 2\"\n    API-->>NC: \"[pod-1, pod-2, pod-3]\"\n\n    NC->>API: \"DELETE pod-1, pod-2, pod-3\"\n    Note over API: \"Pod позначені як Terminating\"\n\n    Note over S: \"Scheduler бачить нові Pod\u003Cbr/>без nodeName\"\n    S->>API: \"Призначити Pod на інші вузли\"\n",[3118,6250,6251,6255,6260,6264,6269,6273,6277,6282,6287,6292,6296,6301,6305,6310,6315,6320,6324,6329,6333,6338,6343,6347,6352,6357,6361,6366,6371,6375,6380],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,6252,6253],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,6254,4037],{},[3236,6256,6257],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,6258,6259],{},"    participant NC as Node Controller\n",[3236,6261,6262],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,6263,4878],{},[3236,6265,6266],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,6267,6268],{},"    participant K as Kubelet (Node 2)\n",[3236,6270,6271],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,6272,5447],{},[3236,6274,6275],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,6276,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6278,6279],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,6280,6281],{},"    loop Кожні 5 секунд\n",[3236,6283,6284],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,6285,6286],{},"        NC->>API: \"Перевірити heartbeat від вузлів\"\n",[3236,6288,6289],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,6290,6291],{},"    end\n",[3236,6293,6294],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,6295,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6297,6298],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,6299,6300],{},"    Note over K: \"Вузол 2 втратив мережу\"\n",[3236,6302,6303],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,6304,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6306,6307],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,6308,6309],{},"    NC->>API: \"Heartbeat від Node 2?\"\n",[3236,6311,6312],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,6313,6314],{},"    API-->>NC: \"Останній heartbeat: 45 секунд тому\"\n",[3236,6316,6317],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,6318,6319],{},"    NC->>API: \"PATCH Node 2: status = NotReady\"\n",[3236,6321,6322],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,6323,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6325,6326],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,6327,6328],{},"    Note over NC: \"Чекає 5 хвилин...\"\n",[3236,6330,6331],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,6332,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6334,6335],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,6336,6337],{},"    NC->>API: \"Node 2 досі NotReady?\"\n",[3236,6339,6340],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,6341,6342],{},"    API-->>NC: \"Так, 5 хвилин 10 секунд\"\n",[3236,6344,6345],{"class":3238,"line":3674},[3236,6346,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6348,6349],{"class":3238,"line":3679},[3236,6350,6351],{},"    NC->>API: \"Отримати Pod на Node 2\"\n",[3236,6353,6354],{"class":3238,"line":3685},[3236,6355,6356],{},"    API-->>NC: \"[pod-1, pod-2, pod-3]\"\n",[3236,6358,6359],{"class":3238,"line":3691},[3236,6360,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6362,6363],{"class":3238,"line":3697},[3236,6364,6365],{},"    NC->>API: \"DELETE pod-1, pod-2, pod-3\"\n",[3236,6367,6368],{"class":3238,"line":5247},[3236,6369,6370],{},"    Note over API: \"Pod позначені як Terminating\"\n",[3236,6372,6373],{"class":3238,"line":5554},[3236,6374,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6376,6377],{"class":3238,"line":6070},[3236,6378,6379],{},"    Note over S: \"Scheduler бачить нові Pod\u003Cbr/>без nodeName\"\n",[3236,6381,6382],{"class":3238,"line":6076},[3236,6383,6384],{},"    S->>API: \"Призначити Pod на інші вузли\"\n",[3114,6386,6387],{},[3130,6388,6389],{},"Таймлайн подій:",[4357,6391,6392,6398,6406,6412,6418],{},[3707,6393,6394,6397],{},[3130,6395,6396],{},"0 сек",": Вузол 2 втрачає мережеве з'єднання",[3707,6399,6400,6403,6404],{},[3130,6401,6402],{},"40 сек",": Node Controller позначає вузол як ",[3118,6405,6216],{},[3707,6407,6408,6411],{},[3130,6409,6410],{},"5 хв 10 сек",": Node Controller видаляє Pod з недоступного вузла",[3707,6413,6414,6417],{},[3130,6415,6416],{},"5 хв 15 сек",": Scheduler призначає нові Pod на здорові вузли",[3707,6419,6420,6423],{},[3130,6421,6422],{},"5 хв 30 сек",": Kubelet на здорових вузлах запускає контейнери",[3405,6425,6426,6434],{},[3114,6427,6428,6431,6432,4023],{},[3130,6429,6430],{},"Налаштування таймаутів:"," Таймаути Node Controller можна змінити через прапорці ",[3118,6433,6197],{},[3704,6435,6436,6442,6450],{},[3707,6437,6438,6441],{},[3118,6439,6440],{},"--node-monitor-period=5s"," — як часто перевіряти heartbeat",[3707,6443,6444,6447,6448],{},[3118,6445,6446],{},"--node-monitor-grace-period=40s"," — скільки чекати перед ",[3118,6449,6216],{},[3707,6451,6452,6455],{},[3118,6453,6454],{},"--pod-eviction-timeout=5m"," — скільки чекати перед евакуацією Pod",[4013,6457,6459],{"id":6458},"чому-контролери-працюють-в-одному-процесі","Чому контролери працюють в одному процесі?",[3114,6461,6462,6463,6465],{},"Усі контролери запускаються в одному процесі ",[3118,6464,6197],{}," з кількох причин:",[4357,6467,6468,6474,6480],{},[3707,6469,6470,6473],{},[3130,6471,6472],{},"Економія ресурсів",": Спільне використання пам'яті та мережевих з'єднань до API-сервера",[3707,6475,6476,6479],{},[3130,6477,6478],{},"Спрощення розгортання",": Один бінарник замість десятків окремих процесів",[3707,6481,6482,6485],{},[3130,6483,6484],{},"Узгоджена конфігурація",": Всі контролери використовують одні й ті ж налаштування (kubeconfig, rate limits)",[3114,6487,6488,6489,6492],{},"Але кожен контролер працює у ",[3130,6490,6491],{},"власній goroutine"," (легковаговий потік у Go) і не блокує інші контролери.",[3142,6494],{},[3109,6496,6498],{"id":6497},"компоненти-worker-node","Компоненти Worker Node",[3114,6500,6501],{},[3569,6502],{"alt":6503,"className":6504,"src":6505},"kubernetes worker node components kubelet kube-proxy container runtime",[3573],"/images/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture/05.png",[3418,6507,6508],{},[3227,6509,6511],{"className":3422,"code":6510,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\nnode \"Worker Node\" {\n    [Kubelet] as K \u003C\u003CAgent>>\n    [kube-proxy] as KP \u003C\u003CNetwork>>\n    \n    package \"Container Runtime\" as CR {\n        [Pod 1]\n        [Pod 2]\n    }\n\n    K -down-> CR : Manage lifecycle\n    KP -down-> CR : Configure networking\n}\n\n[API Server] \u003C-up-> K : PULL Spec / PUSH Status\n@enduml\n",[3118,6512,6513,6517,6521,6525,6529,6534,6539,6544,6548,6553,6558,6563,6567,6571,6576,6581,6585,6589,6594],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,6514,6515],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,6516,3431],{},[3236,6518,6519],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,6520,3436],{},[3236,6522,6523],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,6524,3441],{},[3236,6526,6527],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,6528,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6530,6531],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,6532,6533],{},"node \"Worker Node\" {\n",[3236,6535,6536],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,6537,6538],{},"    [Kubelet] as K \u003C\u003CAgent>>\n",[3236,6540,6541],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,6542,6543],{},"    [kube-proxy] as KP \u003C\u003CNetwork>>\n",[3236,6545,6546],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,6547,3836],{},[3236,6549,6550],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,6551,6552],{},"    package \"Container Runtime\" as CR {\n",[3236,6554,6555],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,6556,6557],{},"        [Pod 1]\n",[3236,6559,6560],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,6561,6562],{},"        [Pod 2]\n",[3236,6564,6565],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,6566,3480],{},[3236,6568,6569],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,6570,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6572,6573],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,6574,6575],{},"    K -down-> CR : Manage lifecycle\n",[3236,6577,6578],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,6579,6580],{},"    KP -down-> CR : Configure networking\n",[3236,6582,6583],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,6584,3486],{},[3236,6586,6587],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,6588,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6590,6591],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,6592,6593],{},"[API Server] \u003C-up-> K : PULL Spec / PUSH Status\n",[3236,6595,6596],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,6597,3538],{},[3114,6599,6600],{},"Якщо control plane — це мозок, що приймає рішення, то worker node — це тіло, що їх виконує. На кожному worker-вузлі запущені три компоненти Kubernetes.",[3970,6602,6604],{"id":6603},"kubelet-агент-вузла","kubelet — агент вузла",[3114,6606,6607,6610,6611,6614],{},[3130,6608,6609],{},"kubelet"," — це основний «агент» Kubernetes, який працює на кожному вузлі кластера. Його можна порівняти з ",[3130,6612,6613],{},"виконробом (будівельним менеджером)"," на об'єкті: він отримує плани будівель (Pod Spec) від головного офісу (Control Plane) і стежить за тим, щоб робітники (Container Runtime) побудували все точно за схемою.",[3114,6616,6617],{},"Він постійно спілкується з API-сервером: отримує список Podʼів, які мають виконуватись на його вузлі, і гарантує, що вони реально запущені та справні.",[3138,6619,6620,6621,6623,6624,6626],{},"Аналогія: ",[3118,6622,6609],{}," схожий на ",[3118,6625,3124],{}," у тому сенсі, що саме він фізично запускає контейнери. Але замість того, щоб отримувати накази від вас напряму — він отримує їх від API-сервера у вигляді специфікацій Podʼів.",[4013,6628,6630],{"id":6629},"життєвий-цикл-pod-з-точки-зору-kubelet","Життєвий цикл Pod з точки зору kubelet",[4025,6632,6633],{},[3227,6634,6636],{"className":4029,"code":6635,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"sequenceDiagram\n    participant API as API Server\n    participant K as Kubelet\n    participant CRI as containerd (CRI)\n    participant CNI as CNI Plugin\n    participant CSI as CSI Plugin\n\n    K->>API: \"Watch: Pod для мого вузла?\"\n    API-->>K: \"Pod \"nginx-1\" (nodeName: \"node-1\")\"\n\n    Note over K: Фаза 1: Підготовка\n    K->>CSI: \"Змонтувати volumes\"\n    CSI-->>K: \"Volumes готові\"\n    K->>CNI: \"Створити мережу для Pod\"\n    CNI-->>K: \"IP: 10.244.1.5\"\n\n    Note over K: Фаза 2: Запуск контейнерів\n    K->>CRI: \"PullImage(\"nginx:1.25\")\"\n    CRI-->>K: \"Image завантажено\"\n    K->>CRI: \"CreateContainer(nginx-1)\"\n    CRI-->>K: \"Container створено\"\n    K->>CRI: \"StartContainer(nginx-1)\"\n    CRI-->>K: \"Container запущено\"\n\n    Note over K: Фаза 3: Моніторинг\n    loop Кожні 10 секунд\n        K->>CRI: \"ContainerStatus(nginx-1)\"\n        CRI-->>K: \"Running ✓\"\n        K->>K: \"Виконати liveness probe\"\n        K->>K: \"Виконати readiness probe\"\n    end\n\n    K->>API: \"PATCH Pod: status = Running\"\n",[3118,6637,6638,6642,6646,6650,6655,6660,6665,6669,6673,6678,6682,6687,6692,6697,6702,6707,6711,6716,6721,6726,6731,6736,6741,6746,6750,6755,6760,6765,6770,6775,6780,6784,6788],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,6639,6640],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,6641,4037],{},[3236,6643,6644],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,6645,4878],{},[3236,6647,6648],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,6649,5452],{},[3236,6651,6652],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,6653,6654],{},"    participant CRI as containerd (CRI)\n",[3236,6656,6657],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,6658,6659],{},"    participant CNI as CNI Plugin\n",[3236,6661,6662],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,6663,6664],{},"    participant CSI as CSI Plugin\n",[3236,6666,6667],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,6668,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6670,6671],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,6672,5541],{},[3236,6674,6675],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,6676,6677],{},"    API-->>K: \"Pod \"nginx-1\" (nodeName: \"node-1\")\"\n",[3236,6679,6680],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,6681,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6683,6684],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,6685,6686],{},"    Note over K: Фаза 1: Підготовка\n",[3236,6688,6689],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,6690,6691],{},"    K->>CSI: \"Змонтувати volumes\"\n",[3236,6693,6694],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,6695,6696],{},"    CSI-->>K: \"Volumes готові\"\n",[3236,6698,6699],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,6700,6701],{},"    K->>CNI: \"Створити мережу для Pod\"\n",[3236,6703,6704],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,6705,6706],{},"    CNI-->>K: \"IP: 10.244.1.5\"\n",[3236,6708,6709],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,6710,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6712,6713],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,6714,6715],{},"    Note over K: Фаза 2: Запуск контейнерів\n",[3236,6717,6718],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,6719,6720],{},"    K->>CRI: \"PullImage(\"nginx:1.25\")\"\n",[3236,6722,6723],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,6724,6725],{},"    CRI-->>K: \"Image завантажено\"\n",[3236,6727,6728],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,6729,6730],{},"    K->>CRI: \"CreateContainer(nginx-1)\"\n",[3236,6732,6733],{"class":3238,"line":3674},[3236,6734,6735],{},"    CRI-->>K: \"Container створено\"\n",[3236,6737,6738],{"class":3238,"line":3679},[3236,6739,6740],{},"    K->>CRI: \"StartContainer(nginx-1)\"\n",[3236,6742,6743],{"class":3238,"line":3685},[3236,6744,6745],{},"    CRI-->>K: \"Container запущено\"\n",[3236,6747,6748],{"class":3238,"line":3691},[3236,6749,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6751,6752],{"class":3238,"line":3697},[3236,6753,6754],{},"    Note over K: Фаза 3: Моніторинг\n",[3236,6756,6757],{"class":3238,"line":5247},[3236,6758,6759],{},"    loop Кожні 10 секунд\n",[3236,6761,6762],{"class":3238,"line":5554},[3236,6763,6764],{},"        K->>CRI: \"ContainerStatus(nginx-1)\"\n",[3236,6766,6767],{"class":3238,"line":6070},[3236,6768,6769],{},"        CRI-->>K: \"Running ✓\"\n",[3236,6771,6772],{"class":3238,"line":6076},[3236,6773,6774],{},"        K->>K: \"Виконати liveness probe\"\n",[3236,6776,6777],{"class":3238,"line":6082},[3236,6778,6779],{},"        K->>K: \"Виконати readiness probe\"\n",[3236,6781,6782],{"class":3238,"line":6087},[3236,6783,6291],{},[3236,6785,6786],{"class":3238,"line":6093},[3236,6787,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,6789,6790],{"class":3238,"line":6099},[3236,6791,5557],{},[4013,6793,6795],{"id":6794},"основні-обовязки-kubelet","Основні обов'язки kubelet",[4113,6797,6798,6806,6810,6814,6818,6822],{},[4116,6799,6802,6803,3154],{"name":6800,"type":6801},"Pod Lifecycle Management","обов'язок","Запуск, зупинка та перезапуск контейнерів згідно з специфікацією Pod. Kubelet гарантує, що контейнери працюють відповідно до ",[3118,6804,6805],{},"restartPolicy",[4116,6807,6809],{"name":6808,"type":6801},"Health Checks","Виконання liveness, readiness та startup probes. Якщо liveness probe не проходить — kubelet перезапускає контейнер. Якщо readiness probe не проходить — Pod не отримує трафік.",[4116,6811,6813],{"name":6812,"type":6801},"Volume Management","Монтування volumes у контейнери через CSI (Container Storage Interface). Підтримка emptyDir, hostPath, PersistentVolume тощо.",[4116,6815,6817],{"name":6816,"type":6801},"Resource Monitoring","Збір метрик використання CPU та памʼяті через cAdvisor (вбудований у kubelet). Ці метрики використовуються Metrics Server для HPA.",[4116,6819,6821],{"name":6820,"type":6801},"Status Reporting","Регулярне оновлення статусу Pod у API-сервері: фаза (Pending/Running/Succeeded/Failed), IP-адреса, стан контейнерів.",[4116,6823,6825],{"name":6824,"type":6801},"Node Status","Надсилання heartbeat до API-сервера кожні 10 секунд. Якщо heartbeat не надходить — Node Controller позначає вузол як NotReady.",[4013,6827,6829],{"id":6828},"взаємодія-з-container-runtime-через-cri","Взаємодія з Container Runtime через CRI",[3114,6831,6832,6833,6836],{},"Kubelet не запускає контейнери напряму. Він використовує стандартний інтерфейс ",[3130,6834,6835],{},"CRI"," (Container Runtime Interface) для взаємодії з container runtime (containerd, CRI-O).",[3114,6838,6839],{},[3130,6840,6841],{},"Шари абстракції:",[4357,6843,6844,6850,6856,6862],{},[3707,6845,6846,6849],{},[3130,6847,6848],{},"Kubelet"," → отримує Pod Spec від API-сервера",[3707,6851,6852,6855],{},[3130,6853,6854],{},"CRI (containerd)"," → перетворює Pod Spec у виклики container runtime",[3707,6857,6858,6861],{},[3130,6859,6860],{},"OCI Runtime (runc)"," → створює Linux namespaces, cgroups та запускає процес",[3707,6863,6864,6867],{},[3130,6865,6866],{},"Container Process"," → ваш застосунок працює в ізольованому середовищі",[4013,6869,6871],{"id":6870},"статичні-pod-static-pods","Статичні Pod (Static Pods)",[3114,6873,6874,6875,3154],{},"Kubelet може запускати Pod не лише з API-сервера, а й з локальних файлів на вузлі. Це називається ",[3130,6876,6877],{},"Static Pods",[3227,6879,6883],{"className":6880,"code":6881,"language":6882,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"language-yaml shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","# /etc/kubernetes/manifests/nginx.yaml\napiVersion: v1\nkind: Pod\nmetadata:\n    name: nginx-static\nspec:\n    containers:\n        - name: nginx\n          image: nginx:1.25\n","yaml",[3118,6884,6885,6890,6902,6912,6920,6930,6937,6944,6957],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,6886,6887],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,6888,6889],{"class":3366},"# /etc/kubernetes/manifests/nginx.yaml\n",[3236,6891,6892,6896,6898],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,6893,6895],{"class":6894},"sKtos","apiVersion",[3236,6897,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,6899,6901],{"class":6900},"su9tN","v1\n",[3236,6903,6904,6907,6909],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,6905,6906],{"class":6894},"kind",[3236,6908,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,6910,6911],{"class":6900},"Pod\n",[3236,6913,6914,6917],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,6915,6916],{"class":6894},"metadata",[3236,6918,6919],{"class":3245},":\n",[3236,6921,6922,6925,6927],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,6923,6924],{"class":6894},"    name",[3236,6926,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,6928,6929],{"class":6900},"nginx-static\n",[3236,6931,6932,6935],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,6933,6934],{"class":6894},"spec",[3236,6936,6919],{"class":3245},[3236,6938,6939,6942],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,6940,6941],{"class":6894},"    containers",[3236,6943,6919],{"class":3245},[3236,6945,6946,6949,6952,6954],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,6947,6948],{"class":3245},"        - ",[3236,6950,6951],{"class":6894},"name",[3236,6953,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,6955,6956],{"class":6900},"nginx\n",[3236,6958,6959,6962,6964],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,6960,6961],{"class":6894},"          image",[3236,6963,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,6965,6966],{"class":6900},"nginx:1.25\n",[3114,6968,6969,6970,6973,6974,6977],{},"Kubelet відстежує директорію ",[3118,6971,6972],{},"/etc/kubernetes/manifests/"," (налаштовується через ",[3118,6975,6976],{},"--pod-manifest-path",") та автоматично запускає Pod з файлів у цій директорії.",[3405,6979,6980,6983,6984,6987,6988,3285,6991,3285,6994,6997,6998,7000],{},[3130,6981,6982],{},"Використання Static Pods:"," Саме через Static Pods запускаються компоненти control plane у кластерах, створених через ",[3118,6985,6986],{},"kubeadm",". Файли ",[3118,6989,6990],{},"kube-apiserver.yaml",[3118,6992,6993],{},"etcd.yaml",[3118,6995,6996],{},"kube-scheduler.yaml"," знаходяться у ",[3118,6999,6972],{},", і kubelet на control plane вузлі запускає їх як звичайні Pod.",[3418,7002,7003],{},[3227,7004,7006],{"className":3422,"code":7005,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\nnode \"Worker Node\" {\n    folder \"/etc/kubernetes/manifests/\" as M {\n        file \"nginx.yaml\"\n    }\n    [kubelet]\n    [Container Runtime] as CR\n}\n\n[kubelet] -up-> M : Читає файли кожні 20с\n[kubelet] -down-> CR : Запускає контейнер\n@enduml\n",[3118,7007,7008,7012,7016,7020,7024,7028,7033,7038,7042,7047,7052,7056,7060,7065,7070],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7009,7010],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7011,3431],{},[3236,7013,7014],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7015,3436],{},[3236,7017,7018],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7019,3441],{},[3236,7021,7022],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7023,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7025,7026],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,7027,6533],{},[3236,7029,7030],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,7031,7032],{},"    folder \"/etc/kubernetes/manifests/\" as M {\n",[3236,7034,7035],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,7036,7037],{},"        file \"nginx.yaml\"\n",[3236,7039,7040],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,7041,3480],{},[3236,7043,7044],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,7045,7046],{},"    [kubelet]\n",[3236,7048,7049],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,7050,7051],{},"    [Container Runtime] as CR\n",[3236,7053,7054],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,7055,3486],{},[3236,7057,7058],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,7059,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7061,7062],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,7063,7064],{},"[kubelet] -up-> M : Читає файли кожні 20с\n",[3236,7066,7067],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,7068,7069],{},"[kubelet] -down-> CR : Запускає контейнер\n",[3236,7071,7072],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,7073,3538],{},[3142,7075],{},[3970,7077,7079],{"id":7078},"kube-proxy-мережевий-проксі","kube-proxy — мережевий проксі",[3114,7081,7082,7085,7086,7089,7090,7092],{},[3130,7083,7084],{},"kube-proxy"," відповідає за реалізацію мережевих правил на вузлі. Щоразу, коли у кластері створюється або видаляється ",[3130,7087,7088],{},"Service"," (мережева абстракція для доступу до Pod), ",[3118,7091,7084],{}," оновлює правила маршрутизації на своєму вузлі.",[4013,7094,7096],{"id":7095},"як-працює-service-від-віртуальної-ip-до-реальних-pod","Як працює Service: від віртуальної IP до реальних Pod",[3114,7098,7099,7100,7103,7104,7106],{},"Коли ви створюєте Service, Kubernetes призначає йому ",[3130,7101,7102],{},"ClusterIP"," — віртуальну IP-адресу, яка не існує на жодному інтерфейсі. Завдання ",[3118,7105,7084],{}," — перехопити трафік до цієї віртуальної IP та перенаправити його до реальних Pod.",[4025,7108,7109],{},[3227,7110,7112],{"className":4029,"code":7111,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"sequenceDiagram\n    participant P as Pod (Client)\n    participant IP as iptables/IPVS\n    participant Pod1 as Backend Pod 1\n    participant Pod2 as Backend Pod 2\n    participant Pod3 as Backend Pod 3\n\n    Note over P: Запит до Service\u003Cbr/>ClusterIP: 10.96.0.10:80\n\n    P->>IP: \"TCP connect 10.96.0.10:80\"\n\n    Note over IP: kube-proxy налаштував правила:\u003Cbr/>10.96.0.10:80 → [10.244.1.5, 10.244.2.8, 10.244.3.2]\n\n    IP->>Pod2: \"Перенаправити на 10.244.2.8:8080\"\n    Pod2-->>IP: \"HTTP Response\"\n    IP-->>P: \"HTTP Response\"\n\n    Note over IP: \"Наступний запит піде до іншого Pod\u003Cbr/>(round-robin балансування)\"\n",[3118,7113,7114,7118,7123,7128,7133,7138,7143,7147,7152,7156,7161,7165,7170,7174,7179,7184,7189,7193],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7115,7116],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7117,4037],{},[3236,7119,7120],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7121,7122],{},"    participant P as Pod (Client)\n",[3236,7124,7125],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7126,7127],{},"    participant IP as iptables/IPVS\n",[3236,7129,7130],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7131,7132],{},"    participant Pod1 as Backend Pod 1\n",[3236,7134,7135],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,7136,7137],{},"    participant Pod2 as Backend Pod 2\n",[3236,7139,7140],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,7141,7142],{},"    participant Pod3 as Backend Pod 3\n",[3236,7144,7145],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,7146,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7148,7149],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,7150,7151],{},"    Note over P: Запит до Service\u003Cbr/>ClusterIP: 10.96.0.10:80\n",[3236,7153,7154],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,7155,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7157,7158],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,7159,7160],{},"    P->>IP: \"TCP connect 10.96.0.10:80\"\n",[3236,7162,7163],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,7164,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7166,7167],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,7168,7169],{},"    Note over IP: kube-proxy налаштував правила:\u003Cbr/>10.96.0.10:80 → [10.244.1.5, 10.244.2.8, 10.244.3.2]\n",[3236,7171,7172],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,7173,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7175,7176],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,7177,7178],{},"    IP->>Pod2: \"Перенаправити на 10.244.2.8:8080\"\n",[3236,7180,7181],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,7182,7183],{},"    Pod2-->>IP: \"HTTP Response\"\n",[3236,7185,7186],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,7187,7188],{},"    IP-->>P: \"HTTP Response\"\n",[3236,7190,7191],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,7192,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7194,7195],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,7196,7197],{},"    Note over IP: \"Наступний запит піде до іншого Pod\u003Cbr/>(round-robin балансування)\"\n",[4013,7199,7201],{"id":7200},"режими-роботи-kube-proxy","Режими роботи kube-proxy",[3114,7203,7204],{},"kube-proxy підтримує три режими реалізації мережевих правил:",[4113,7206,7207,7216,7224],{},[4116,7208,7211,7212,7215],{"name":7209,"type":7210},"iptables (за замовчуванням)","режим","Використовує Linux iptables для NAT. Це як ",[3130,7213,7214],{},"паперовий список"," у охоронця, який він має переглядати рядок за рядком для кожного запиту. Простий метод, але при тисячах правил (сервісів) він починає сильно \"гальмувати\".",[4116,7217,7219,7220,7223],{"name":7218,"type":7210},"IPVS (рекомендовано)","Використовує Linux IPVS — спеціальний модуль ядра для балансування. Це як ",[3130,7221,7222],{},"швидкісний електронний турнікет",": він миттєво знає, куди направити трафік, незалежно від кількості правил. Підтримує різні алгоритми балансування (round-robin, least connection тощо).",[4116,7225,7227],{"name":7226,"type":7210},"userspace (застарілий)","kube-proxy працює як проксі у user space. Повільний, використовувався у ранніх версіях Kubernetes. Не рекомендується.",[3114,7229,7230],{},[3130,7231,7232],{},"Приклад iptables правил для Service:",[3227,7234,7236],{"className":3229,"code":7235,"language":3231,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"# Service: nginx-service (ClusterIP: 10.96.0.10)\n# Backends: 10.244.1.5:8080, 10.244.2.8:8080, 10.244.3.2:8080\n\n# Правило 1: Перехопити трафік до ClusterIP\n-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.96.0.10/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j KUBE-SVC-NGINX\n\n# Правило 2: Балансування між Pod (33% ймовірність кожен)\n-A KUBE-SVC-NGINX -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.33 -j KUBE-SEP-POD1\n-A KUBE-SVC-NGINX -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50 -j KUBE-SEP-POD2\n-A KUBE-SVC-NGINX -j KUBE-SEP-POD3\n\n# Правило 3: DNAT до реальних Pod\n-A KUBE-SEP-POD1 -p tcp -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 10.244.1.5:8080\n-A KUBE-SEP-POD2 -p tcp -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 10.244.2.8:8080\n-A KUBE-SEP-POD3 -p tcp -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 10.244.3.2:8080\n",[3118,7237,7238,7243,7248,7252,7257,7295,7299,7304,7333,7357,7368,7372,7377,7403,7427],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7239,7240],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7241,7242],{"class":3366},"# Service: nginx-service (ClusterIP: 10.96.0.10)\n",[3236,7244,7245],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7246,7247],{"class":3366},"# Backends: 10.244.1.5:8080, 10.244.2.8:8080, 10.244.3.2:8080\n",[3236,7249,7250],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7251,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7253,7254],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7255,7256],{"class":3366},"# Правило 1: Перехопити трафік до ClusterIP\n",[3236,7258,7259,7262,7265,7268,7271,7274,7277,7280,7282,7285,7289,7292],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,7260,7261],{"class":3242},"-A",[3236,7263,7264],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SERVICES",[3236,7266,7267],{"class":4411}," -d",[3236,7269,7270],{"class":3375}," 10.96.0.10/32",[3236,7272,7273],{"class":4411}," -p",[3236,7275,7276],{"class":3375}," tcp",[3236,7278,7279],{"class":4411}," -m",[3236,7281,7276],{"class":3375},[3236,7283,7284],{"class":4411}," --dport",[3236,7286,7288],{"class":7287},"sJj4R"," 80",[3236,7290,7291],{"class":4411}," -j",[3236,7293,7294],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SVC-NGINX\n",[3236,7296,7297],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,7298,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7300,7301],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,7302,7303],{"class":3366},"# Правило 2: Балансування між Pod (33% ймовірність кожен)\n",[3236,7305,7306,7308,7311,7313,7316,7319,7322,7325,7328,7330],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,7307,7261],{"class":3242},[3236,7309,7310],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SVC-NGINX",[3236,7312,7279],{"class":4411},[3236,7314,7315],{"class":3375}," statistic",[3236,7317,7318],{"class":4411}," --mode",[3236,7320,7321],{"class":3375}," random",[3236,7323,7324],{"class":4411}," --probability",[3236,7326,7327],{"class":7287}," 0.33",[3236,7329,7291],{"class":4411},[3236,7331,7332],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SEP-POD1\n",[3236,7334,7335,7337,7339,7341,7343,7345,7347,7349,7352,7354],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,7336,7261],{"class":3242},[3236,7338,7310],{"class":3375},[3236,7340,7279],{"class":4411},[3236,7342,7315],{"class":3375},[3236,7344,7318],{"class":4411},[3236,7346,7321],{"class":3375},[3236,7348,7324],{"class":4411},[3236,7350,7351],{"class":7287}," 0.50",[3236,7353,7291],{"class":4411},[3236,7355,7356],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SEP-POD2\n",[3236,7358,7359,7361,7363,7365],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,7360,7261],{"class":3242},[3236,7362,7310],{"class":3375},[3236,7364,7291],{"class":4411},[3236,7366,7367],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SEP-POD3\n",[3236,7369,7370],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,7371,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7373,7374],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,7375,7376],{"class":3366},"# Правило 3: DNAT до реальних Pod\n",[3236,7378,7379,7381,7384,7386,7388,7390,7392,7394,7397,7400],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,7380,7261],{"class":3242},[3236,7382,7383],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SEP-POD1",[3236,7385,7273],{"class":4411},[3236,7387,7276],{"class":3375},[3236,7389,7279],{"class":4411},[3236,7391,7276],{"class":3375},[3236,7393,7291],{"class":4411},[3236,7395,7396],{"class":3375}," DNAT",[3236,7398,7399],{"class":4411}," --to-destination",[3236,7401,7402],{"class":3375}," 10.244.1.5:8080\n",[3236,7404,7405,7407,7410,7412,7414,7416,7418,7420,7422,7424],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,7406,7261],{"class":3242},[3236,7408,7409],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SEP-POD2",[3236,7411,7273],{"class":4411},[3236,7413,7276],{"class":3375},[3236,7415,7279],{"class":4411},[3236,7417,7276],{"class":3375},[3236,7419,7291],{"class":4411},[3236,7421,7396],{"class":3375},[3236,7423,7399],{"class":4411},[3236,7425,7426],{"class":3375}," 10.244.2.8:8080\n",[3236,7428,7429,7431,7434,7436,7438,7440,7442,7444,7446,7448],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,7430,7261],{"class":3242},[3236,7432,7433],{"class":3375}," KUBE-SEP-POD3",[3236,7435,7273],{"class":4411},[3236,7437,7276],{"class":3375},[3236,7439,7279],{"class":4411},[3236,7441,7276],{"class":3375},[3236,7443,7291],{"class":4411},[3236,7445,7396],{"class":3375},[3236,7447,7399],{"class":4411},[3236,7449,7450],{"class":3375}," 10.244.3.2:8080\n",[5288,7452,7453,7456],{},[3130,7454,7455],{},"Обмеження iptables:"," У кластерах з 5,000+ Service iptables правил стає настільки багато, що оновлення займає секунди. Для таких масштабів обов'язково використовуйте IPVS режим.",[3114,7458,7459],{},[3569,7460],{"alt":7461,"className":7462,"src":7463},"kubernetes service kube-proxy iptables networking load balancing",[3573],"/images/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture/06.png",[3418,7465,7466],{},[3227,7467,7469],{"className":3422,"code":7468,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\nactor Client\nrectangle \"Service (Virtual IP)\" as SVC #SkyBlue\n\nnode \"Worker Node\" {\n    [iptables / IPVS] as NET\n    [Pod A]\n    [Pod B]\n}\n\nClient -> SVC : 10.96.0.10:80\nSVC -down-> NET : Redirect\nNET -down-> [Pod A] : LB (Round Robin)\nNET -down-> [Pod B] : LB (Round Robin)\n\n[kube-proxy] -right-> NET : Update Rules\n@enduml\n",[3118,7470,7471,7475,7479,7483,7487,7492,7497,7501,7505,7510,7515,7520,7524,7528,7533,7538,7543,7548,7552,7557],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7472,7473],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7474,3431],{},[3236,7476,7477],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7478,3436],{},[3236,7480,7481],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7482,3441],{},[3236,7484,7485],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7486,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7488,7489],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,7490,7491],{},"actor Client\n",[3236,7493,7494],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,7495,7496],{},"rectangle \"Service (Virtual IP)\" as SVC #SkyBlue\n",[3236,7498,7499],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,7500,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7502,7503],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,7504,6533],{},[3236,7506,7507],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,7508,7509],{},"    [iptables / IPVS] as NET\n",[3236,7511,7512],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,7513,7514],{},"    [Pod A]\n",[3236,7516,7517],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,7518,7519],{},"    [Pod B]\n",[3236,7521,7522],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,7523,3486],{},[3236,7525,7526],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,7527,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7529,7530],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,7531,7532],{},"Client -> SVC : 10.96.0.10:80\n",[3236,7534,7535],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,7536,7537],{},"SVC -down-> NET : Redirect\n",[3236,7539,7540],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,7541,7542],{},"NET -down-> [Pod A] : LB (Round Robin)\n",[3236,7544,7545],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,7546,7547],{},"NET -down-> [Pod B] : LB (Round Robin)\n",[3236,7549,7550],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,7551,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7553,7554],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,7555,7556],{},"[kube-proxy] -right-> NET : Update Rules\n",[3236,7558,7559],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,7560,3538],{},[3142,7562],{},[3970,7564,7566],{"id":7565},"container-runtime-виконавець-контейнерів","Container Runtime — виконавець контейнерів",[3114,7568,7569,7572,7573,7576,7577,7579],{},[3130,7570,7571],{},"Container Runtime"," — це програма, яка безпосередньо ",[3162,7574,7575],{},"запускає"," контейнери. Kubernetes не запускає контейнери сам — він делегує цю роботу container runtime через стандартний інтерфейс ",[3130,7578,6835],{}," (Container Runtime Interface).",[4013,7581,7583],{"id":7582},"еволюція-від-docker-до-containerd","Еволюція: від Docker до containerd",[3114,7585,7586],{},"Історично Kubernetes використовував Docker як container runtime. Але Docker — це повноцінна платформа з CLI, API, image registry тощо. Kubernetes потребував лише частину функціональності — запуск контейнерів.",[4025,7588,7589],{},[3227,7590,7592],{"className":4029,"code":7591,"language":4025,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"graph TD\n    subgraph \"Kubernetes до 1.24 (з Docker)\"\n        K1[Kubelet] --> DS[dockershim]\n        DS --> D[Docker Engine]\n        D --> C1[containerd]\n        C1 --> R1[runc]\n    end\n\n    subgraph \"Kubernetes після 1.24 (без Docker)\"\n        K2[Kubelet] --> C2[containerd]\n        C2 --> R2[runc]\n    end\n\n    style DS fill:#ef4444,stroke:#b91c1c,color:#fff\n    style D fill:#ef4444,stroke:#b91c1c,color:#fff\n    style C1 fill:#3b82f6,stroke:#1d4ed8,color:#fff\n    style C2 fill:#22c55e,stroke:#15803d,color:#fff\n",[3118,7593,7594,7599,7604,7609,7614,7619,7624,7628,7632,7637,7642,7647,7651,7655,7660,7665,7670],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7595,7596],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7597,7598],{},"graph TD\n",[3236,7600,7601],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7602,7603],{},"    subgraph \"Kubernetes до 1.24 (з Docker)\"\n",[3236,7605,7606],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7607,7608],{},"        K1[Kubelet] --> DS[dockershim]\n",[3236,7610,7611],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7612,7613],{},"        DS --> D[Docker Engine]\n",[3236,7615,7616],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,7617,7618],{},"        D --> C1[containerd]\n",[3236,7620,7621],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,7622,7623],{},"        C1 --> R1[runc]\n",[3236,7625,7626],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,7627,6291],{},[3236,7629,7630],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,7631,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7633,7634],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,7635,7636],{},"    subgraph \"Kubernetes після 1.24 (без Docker)\"\n",[3236,7638,7639],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,7640,7641],{},"        K2[Kubelet] --> C2[containerd]\n",[3236,7643,7644],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,7645,7646],{},"        C2 --> R2[runc]\n",[3236,7648,7649],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,7650,6291],{},[3236,7652,7653],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,7654,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7656,7657],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,7658,7659],{},"    style DS fill:#ef4444,stroke:#b91c1c,color:#fff\n",[3236,7661,7662],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,7663,7664],{},"    style D fill:#ef4444,stroke:#b91c1c,color:#fff\n",[3236,7666,7667],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,7668,7669],{},"    style C1 fill:#3b82f6,stroke:#1d4ed8,color:#fff\n",[3236,7671,7672],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,7673,7674],{},"    style C2 fill:#22c55e,stroke:#15803d,color:#fff\n",[3114,7676,7677],{},[3130,7678,7679],{},"Що змінилось у Kubernetes 1.24:",[3704,7681,7682,7689,7696,7699],{},[3707,7683,7684,7685,7688],{},"❌ Видалено ",[3118,7686,7687],{},"dockershim"," — проміжний шар між kubelet та Docker",[3707,7690,7691,7692,7695],{},"✅ Kubelet тепер спілкується з ",[3118,7693,7694],{},"containerd"," напряму через CRI",[3707,7697,7698],{},"✅ Зменшено латентність запуску контейнерів (менше шарів абстракції)",[3707,7700,7701],{},"✅ Спрощено архітектуру (менше компонентів)",[3138,7703,7704,7707,7708,7711,7712,7715],{},[3130,7705,7706],{},"Важливо:"," Видалення Docker як runtime ",[3130,7709,7710],{},"не впливає"," на розробку. Ви досі можете використовувати ",[3118,7713,7714],{},"docker build"," для створення образів. Образи, зібрані Docker, повністю сумісні з containerd, бо обидва дотримуються стандарту OCI (Open Container Initiative).",[4013,7717,7719],{"id":7718},"cri-container-runtime-interface","CRI — Container Runtime Interface",[3114,7721,7722,7724,7725,7728],{},[3130,7723,6835],{}," — це gRPC API, який визначає стандарт взаємодії. Уявіть це як ",[3130,7726,7727],{},"стандартну розетку"," (USB). Kubernetes — це ноутбук, а Container Runtime (containerd, CRI-O) — це периферія. Завдяки CRI ви можете підключити будь-який сумісний runtime, не змінюючи код самого Kubernetes.",[3114,7730,7731],{},[3130,7732,7733],{},"Основні операції CRI:",[4113,7735,7736,7751,7769],{},[4116,7737,7739,7740,7743,7744,7747,7748,5659],{"name":7738,"type":731},"ImageService","Управління образами: завантаження (",[3118,7741,7742],{},"PullImage","), видалення (",[3118,7745,7746],{},"RemoveImage","), перегляд (",[3118,7749,7750],{},"ListImages",[4116,7752,7754,7755,7758,7759,7762,7763,7743,7766,5659],{"name":7753,"type":731},"RuntimeService","Управління контейнерами та Pod: створення (",[3118,7756,7757],{},"CreateContainer","), запуск (",[3118,7760,7761],{},"StartContainer","), зупинка (",[3118,7764,7765],{},"StopContainer",[3118,7767,7768],{},"RemoveContainer",[4116,7770,7773],{"name":7771,"type":7772},"PodSandbox","концепція","CRI вводить концепцію \"sandbox\" — ізольоване середовище для Pod. Спочатку створюється sandbox (мережа, IPC namespace), потім у ньому запускаються контейнери.",[3114,7775,7776],{},[3130,7777,7778],{},"Приклад gRPC виклику через CRI:",[3227,7780,7784],{"className":7781,"code":7782,"language":7783,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"language-protobuf shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","// Kubelet → containerd\nservice RuntimeService {\n  rpc CreateContainer(CreateContainerRequest) returns (CreateContainerResponse);\n  rpc StartContainer(StartContainerRequest) returns (StartContainerResponse);\n  rpc StopContainer(StopContainerRequest) returns (StopContainerResponse);\n  rpc RemoveContainer(RemoveContainerRequest) returns (RemoveContainerResponse);\n  rpc ListContainers(ListContainersRequest) returns (ListContainersResponse);\n  rpc ContainerStatus(ContainerStatusRequest) returns (ContainerStatusResponse);\n}\n","protobuf",[3118,7785,7786,7791,7796,7801,7806,7811,7816,7821,7826],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7787,7788],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7789,7790],{},"// Kubelet → containerd\n",[3236,7792,7793],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7794,7795],{},"service RuntimeService {\n",[3236,7797,7798],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7799,7800],{},"  rpc CreateContainer(CreateContainerRequest) returns (CreateContainerResponse);\n",[3236,7802,7803],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7804,7805],{},"  rpc StartContainer(StartContainerRequest) returns (StartContainerResponse);\n",[3236,7807,7808],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,7809,7810],{},"  rpc StopContainer(StopContainerRequest) returns (StopContainerResponse);\n",[3236,7812,7813],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,7814,7815],{},"  rpc RemoveContainer(RemoveContainerRequest) returns (RemoveContainerResponse);\n",[3236,7817,7818],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,7819,7820],{},"  rpc ListContainers(ListContainersRequest) returns (ListContainersResponse);\n",[3236,7822,7823],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,7824,7825],{},"  rpc ContainerStatus(ContainerStatusRequest) returns (ContainerStatusResponse);\n",[3236,7827,7828],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,7829,3486],{},[4013,7831,7833],{"id":7832},"containerd-найпопулярніший-cri-runtime","containerd — найпопулярніший CRI runtime",[3114,7835,7836,7838],{},[3130,7837,7694],{}," — це високопродуктивний container runtime, який використовується у більшості Kubernetes-кластерів. Він є частиною CNCF (Cloud Native Computing Foundation) і підтримується спільнотою.",[3114,7840,7841],{},[3130,7842,7843],{},"Архітектура containerd:",[3114,7845,7846],{},[3130,7847,7848],{},"Роль кожного компонента:",[3114,7850,7851],{},[3569,7852],{"alt":7853,"className":7854,"src":7855},"kubernetes CRI container runtime interface layers kubelet containerd",[3573],"/images/tools/kubernetes/kubernetes-architecture/07.png",[3418,7857,7858],{},[3227,7859,7861],{"className":3422,"code":7860,"language":3424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"@startuml\nskinparam style plain\nskinparam backgroundColor #ffffff\n\n[Kubelet] -down-> [CRI Plugin] : gRPC Request\n[CRI Plugin] -down-> [containerd / CRI-O] : Lifecycle\n[containerd / CRI-O] -down-> [containerd-shim]\n[containerd-shim] -down-> [runc (OCI)] : System Calls\n[runc (OCI)] -down-> [Linux Container] : Namespaces / Cgroups\n@enduml\n",[3118,7862,7863,7867,7871,7875,7879,7884,7889,7894,7899,7904],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7864,7865],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7866,3431],{},[3236,7868,7869],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7870,3436],{},[3236,7872,7873],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7874,3441],{},[3236,7876,7877],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7878,3386],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3385},[3236,7880,7881],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,7882,7883],{},"[Kubelet] -down-> [CRI Plugin] : gRPC Request\n",[3236,7885,7886],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,7887,7888],{},"[CRI Plugin] -down-> [containerd / CRI-O] : Lifecycle\n",[3236,7890,7891],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,7892,7893],{},"[containerd / CRI-O] -down-> [containerd-shim]\n",[3236,7895,7896],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,7897,7898],{},"[containerd-shim] -down-> [runc (OCI)] : System Calls\n",[3236,7900,7901],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,7902,7903],{},"[runc (OCI)] -down-> [Linux Container] : Namespaces / Cgroups\n",[3236,7905,7906],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,7907,3538],{},[4357,7909,7910,7916,7922,7928],{},[3707,7911,7912,7915],{},[3130,7913,7914],{},"CRI Plugin",": Реалізує CRI API для kubelet",[3707,7917,7918,7921],{},[3130,7919,7920],{},"containerd Core",": Управління життєвим циклом контейнерів, образами, snapshots",[3707,7923,7924,7927],{},[3130,7925,7926],{},"containerd-shim",": Проміжний процес між containerd та runc. Дозволяє containerd перезапускатись без впливу на контейнери",[3707,7929,7930,7933],{},[3130,7931,7932],{},"runc",": OCI-сумісний runtime, який створює Linux namespaces, cgroups та запускає процес",[4013,7935,7937],{"id":7936},"oci-open-container-initiative","OCI — Open Container Initiative",[3114,7939,7940,7943],{},[3130,7941,7942],{},"OCI"," — це відкритий стандарт для контейнерів, який визначає:",[4357,7945,7946,7952],{},[3707,7947,7948,7951],{},[3130,7949,7950],{},"Image Spec",": Формат образів контейнерів (layers, manifest, config)",[3707,7953,7954,7957],{},[3130,7955,7956],{},"Runtime Spec",": Як запускати контейнер (namespaces, cgroups, capabilities)",[3114,7959,7960],{},"Завдяки OCI образи, зібрані Docker, працюють у containerd, CRI-O, Podman тощо. Всі вони дотримуються одного стандарту.",[3114,7962,7963],{},[3130,7964,7965],{},"Приклад OCI Runtime Spec:",[3227,7967,7969],{"className":4422,"code":7968,"language":4424,"meta":3232,"style":3232},"{\n    \"ociVersion\": \"1.0.0\",\n    \"process\": {\n        \"terminal\": false,\n        \"user\": { \"uid\": 0, \"gid\": 0 },\n        \"args\": [\"nginx\", \"-g\", \"daemon off;\"],\n        \"env\": [\"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin\"],\n        \"cwd\": \"/\"\n    },\n    \"root\": {\n        \"path\": \"/var/lib/containerd/io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs/snapshots/42/fs\",\n        \"readonly\": false\n    },\n    \"mounts\": [\n        { \"destination\": \"/proc\", \"type\": \"proc\", \"source\": \"proc\" },\n        { \"destination\": \"/dev\", \"type\": \"tmpfs\", \"source\": \"tmpfs\" }\n    ],\n    \"linux\": {\n        \"namespaces\": [\n            { \"type\": \"pid\" },\n            { \"type\": \"network\" },\n            { \"type\": \"ipc\" },\n            { \"type\": \"uts\" },\n            { \"type\": \"mount\" }\n        ],\n        \"resources\": {\n            \"memory\": { \"limit\": 268435456 },\n            \"cpu\": { \"quota\": 50000, \"period\": 100000 }\n        }\n    }\n}\n",[3118,7970,7971,7975,7987,7994,8006,8031,8055,8067,8077,8082,8089,8101,8111,8115,8123,8156,8186,8191,8198,8205,8219,8232,8245,8258,8271,8276,8283,8300,8327,8332,8336],{"__ignoreMap":3232},[3236,7972,7973],{"class":3238,"line":3239},[3236,7974,4737],{"class":3245},[3236,7976,7977,7980,7982,7985],{"class":3238,"line":3370},[3236,7978,7979],{"class":4434},"    \"ociVersion\"",[3236,7981,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,7983,7984],{"class":3375},"\"1.0.0\"",[3236,7986,4749],{"class":3245},[3236,7988,7989,7992],{"class":3238,"line":3382},[3236,7990,7991],{"class":4434},"    \"process\"",[3236,7993,4769],{"class":3245},[3236,7995,7996,7999,8001,8004],{"class":3238,"line":3389},[3236,7997,7998],{"class":4434},"        \"terminal\"",[3236,8000,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8002,8003],{"class":4411},"false",[3236,8005,4749],{"class":3245},[3236,8007,8008,8011,8013,8016,8018,8020,8022,8025,8027,8029],{"class":3238,"line":3395},[3236,8009,8010],{"class":4434},"        \"user\"",[3236,8012,4828],{"class":3245},[3236,8014,8015],{"class":4434},"\"uid\"",[3236,8017,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8019,5017],{"class":7287},[3236,8021,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8023,8024],{"class":4434},"\"gid\"",[3236,8026,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8028,5017],{"class":7287},[3236,8030,4835],{"class":3245},[3236,8032,8033,8036,8039,8042,8044,8047,8049,8052],{"class":3238,"line":3453},[3236,8034,8035],{"class":4434},"        \"args\"",[3236,8037,8038],{"class":3245},": [",[3236,8040,8041],{"class":3375},"\"nginx\"",[3236,8043,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8045,8046],{"class":3375},"\"-g\"",[3236,8048,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8050,8051],{"class":3375},"\"daemon off;\"",[3236,8053,8054],{"class":3245},"],\n",[3236,8056,8057,8060,8062,8065],{"class":3238,"line":3459},[3236,8058,8059],{"class":4434},"        \"env\"",[3236,8061,8038],{"class":3245},[3236,8063,8064],{"class":3375},"\"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin\"",[3236,8066,8054],{"class":3245},[3236,8068,8069,8072,8074],{"class":3238,"line":3465},[3236,8070,8071],{"class":4434},"        \"cwd\"",[3236,8073,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8075,8076],{"class":3375},"\"/\"\n",[3236,8078,8079],{"class":3238,"line":3471},[3236,8080,8081],{"class":3245},"    },\n",[3236,8083,8084,8087],{"class":3238,"line":3477},[3236,8085,8086],{"class":4434},"    \"root\"",[3236,8088,4769],{"class":3245},[3236,8090,8091,8094,8096,8099],{"class":3238,"line":3483},[3236,8092,8093],{"class":4434},"        \"path\"",[3236,8095,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8097,8098],{"class":3375},"\"/var/lib/containerd/io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs/snapshots/42/fs\"",[3236,8100,4749],{"class":3245},[3236,8102,8103,8106,8108],{"class":3238,"line":3489},[3236,8104,8105],{"class":4434},"        \"readonly\"",[3236,8107,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8109,8110],{"class":4411},"false\n",[3236,8112,8113],{"class":3238,"line":3494},[3236,8114,8081],{"class":3245},[3236,8116,8117,8120],{"class":3238,"line":3500},[3236,8118,8119],{"class":4434},"    \"mounts\"",[3236,8121,8122],{"class":3245},": [\n",[3236,8124,8125,8128,8131,8133,8136,8138,8140,8142,8145,8147,8150,8152,8154],{"class":3238,"line":3506},[3236,8126,8127],{"class":3245},"        { ",[3236,8129,8130],{"class":4434},"\"destination\"",[3236,8132,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8134,8135],{"class":3375},"\"/proc\"",[3236,8137,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8139,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,8141,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8143,8144],{"class":3375},"\"proc\"",[3236,8146,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8148,8149],{"class":4434},"\"source\"",[3236,8151,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8153,8144],{"class":3375},[3236,8155,4835],{"class":3245},[3236,8157,8158,8160,8162,8164,8167,8169,8171,8173,8176,8178,8180,8182,8184],{"class":3238,"line":3512},[3236,8159,8127],{"class":3245},[3236,8161,8130],{"class":4434},[3236,8163,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8165,8166],{"class":3375},"\"/dev\"",[3236,8168,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8170,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,8172,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8174,8175],{"class":3375},"\"tmpfs\"",[3236,8177,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8179,8149],{"class":4434},[3236,8181,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8183,8175],{"class":3375},[3236,8185,4847],{"class":3245},[3236,8187,8188],{"class":3238,"line":3518},[3236,8189,8190],{"class":3245},"    ],\n",[3236,8192,8193,8196],{"class":3238,"line":3524},[3236,8194,8195],{"class":4434},"    \"linux\"",[3236,8197,4769],{"class":3245},[3236,8199,8200,8203],{"class":3238,"line":3529},[3236,8201,8202],{"class":4434},"        \"namespaces\"",[3236,8204,8122],{"class":3245},[3236,8206,8207,8210,8212,8214,8217],{"class":3238,"line":3535},[3236,8208,8209],{"class":3245},"            { ",[3236,8211,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,8213,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8215,8216],{"class":3375},"\"pid\"",[3236,8218,4835],{"class":3245},[3236,8220,8221,8223,8225,8227,8230],{"class":3238,"line":3674},[3236,8222,8209],{"class":3245},[3236,8224,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,8226,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8228,8229],{"class":3375},"\"network\"",[3236,8231,4835],{"class":3245},[3236,8233,8234,8236,8238,8240,8243],{"class":3238,"line":3679},[3236,8235,8209],{"class":3245},[3236,8237,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,8239,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8241,8242],{"class":3375},"\"ipc\"",[3236,8244,4835],{"class":3245},[3236,8246,8247,8249,8251,8253,8256],{"class":3238,"line":3685},[3236,8248,8209],{"class":3245},[3236,8250,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,8252,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8254,8255],{"class":3375},"\"uts\"",[3236,8257,4835],{"class":3245},[3236,8259,8260,8262,8264,8266,8269],{"class":3238,"line":3691},[3236,8261,8209],{"class":3245},[3236,8263,4435],{"class":4434},[3236,8265,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8267,8268],{"class":3375},"\"mount\"",[3236,8270,4847],{"class":3245},[3236,8272,8273],{"class":3238,"line":3697},[3236,8274,8275],{"class":3245},"        ],\n",[3236,8277,8278,8281],{"class":3238,"line":5247},[3236,8279,8280],{"class":4434},"        \"resources\"",[3236,8282,4769],{"class":3245},[3236,8284,8285,8288,8290,8293,8295,8298],{"class":3238,"line":5554},[3236,8286,8287],{"class":4434},"            \"memory\"",[3236,8289,4828],{"class":3245},[3236,8291,8292],{"class":4434},"\"limit\"",[3236,8294,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8296,8297],{"class":7287},"268435456",[3236,8299,4835],{"class":3245},[3236,8301,8302,8305,8307,8310,8312,8315,8317,8320,8322,8325],{"class":3238,"line":6070},[3236,8303,8304],{"class":4434},"            \"cpu\"",[3236,8306,4828],{"class":3245},[3236,8308,8309],{"class":4434},"\"quota\"",[3236,8311,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8313,8314],{"class":7287},"50000",[3236,8316,3285],{"class":3245},[3236,8318,8319],{"class":4434},"\"period\"",[3236,8321,4438],{"class":3245},[3236,8323,8324],{"class":7287},"100000",[3236,8326,4847],{"class":3245},[3236,8328,8329],{"class":3238,"line":6076},[3236,8330,8331],{"class":3245},"        }\n",[3236,8333,8334],{"class":3238,"line":6082},[3236,8335,3480],{"class":3245},[3236,8337,8338],{"class":3238,"line":6087},[3236,8339,3486],{"class":3245},[3114,8341,8342,8343,8345],{},"Цей JSON передається ",[3118,8344,7932],{},", який створює контейнер згідно зі специфікацією.",[4013,8347,8349],{"id":8348},"альтернативи-containerd","Альтернативи containerd",[4113,8351,8352,8357,8365],{},[4116,8353,8356],{"name":8354,"type":8355},"CRI-O","runtime","Мінімалістичний CRI runtime, створений спеціально для Kubernetes. Не має зайвої функціональності, яка не потрібна Kubernetes. Використовується у OpenShift.",[4116,8358,8360,8361,8364],{"name":8359,"type":8355},"Docker Engine (через cri-dockerd)","Після видалення dockershim з'явився проєкт ",[3118,8362,8363],{},"cri-dockerd"," — зовнішній адаптер CRI для Docker. Дозволяє продовжувати використовувати Docker як runtime.",[4116,8366,8368],{"name":8367,"type":8355},"Kata Containers","Запускає контейнери у легких віртуальних машинах замість Linux namespaces. Забезпечує сильнішу ізоляцію для multi-tenant кластерів.",[3142,8370],{},[3109,8372,8374],{"id":8373},"повна-картина-всі-компоненти-разом","Повна картина: всі компоненти разом",[3114,8376,8377],{},"Тепер, коли кожен компонент детально розглянуто, подивимось на повну топологію кластера з усіма внутрішніми зв'язками:",[3142,8379],{},[3109,8381,8383],{"id":8382},"резюме","Резюме",[3114,8385,8386],{},"Kubernetes — це розподілена система з чіткою архітектурою. Кластер складається з двох типів вузлів:",[3704,8388,8389,8405],{},[3707,8390,8391,4438,8393,8395,8396,8398,8399,8401,8402,8404],{},[3130,8392,3555],{},[3118,8394,3978],{}," (єдина точка входу), ",[3118,8397,3989],{}," (сховище стану), ",[3118,8400,5407],{}," (планування Podʼів), ",[3118,8403,6197],{}," (reconciliation loop)",[3707,8406,8407,4438,8409,8411,8412,8414,8415,8417],{},[3130,8408,3561],{},[3118,8410,6609],{}," (агент вузла), ",[3118,8413,7084],{}," (мережа), ",[3118,8416,7694],{}," (запуск контейнерів)",[3114,8419,8420,8422],{},[3130,8421,3738],{}," — це найменша розгортана одиниця, обгортка над одним або кількома контейнерами.",[3114,8424,8425,8426,8428],{},"Ключовий принцип — ",[3130,8427,5922],{},": система безперервно порівнює бажаний стан з поточним і усуває розбіжності. Це основа self-healing.",[3114,8430,8431,8432,8435,8436,3154],{},"У наступній статті ми переходимо від теорії до практики: встановимо локальний кластер за допомогою ",[3118,8433,8434],{},"minikube"," та виконаємо перші команди ",[3118,8437,3195],{},[3142,8439],{},[3109,8441,8443],{"id":8442},"практичні-завдання","Практичні завдання",[3970,8445,8447],{"id":8446},"рівень-1-розуміння","Рівень 1 (Розуміння)",[3114,8449,8450,8453],{},[3130,8451,8452],{},"Завдання 1."," Намалюйте (на папері або в будь-якому інструменті) схему Kubernetes-кластера з одним control plane вузлом і двома worker-вузлами. Позначте на кожному вузлі всі компоненти, що на ньому виконуються. Проведіть стрілки між компонентами, що взаємодіють між собою.",[3114,8455,8456,8459],{},[3130,8457,8458],{},"Завдання 2."," Заповніть таблицю аналогій «Docker → Kubernetes»:",[3248,8461,8462,8472],{},[3251,8463,8464],{},[3254,8465,8466,8469],{},[3257,8467,8468],{},"Концепція Docker",[3257,8470,8471],{},"Аналог у Kubernetes",[3267,8473,8474,8483,8492,8499,8507],{},[3254,8475,8476,8480],{},[3272,8477,8478],{},[3118,8479,3124],{},[3272,8481,8482],{},"?",[3254,8484,8485,8490],{},[3272,8486,8487,8489],{},[3118,8488,3202],{}," CLI",[3272,8491,8482],{},[3254,8493,8494,8497],{},[3272,8495,8496],{},"Контейнер",[3272,8498,8482],{},[3254,8500,8501,8505],{},[3272,8502,8503],{},[3118,8504,3120],{},[3272,8506,8482],{},[3254,8508,8509,8514],{},[3272,8510,8511],{},[3118,8512,8513],{},"docker ps",[3272,8515,8482],{},[3970,8517,8519],{"id":8518},"рівень-2-аналіз","Рівень 2 (Аналіз)",[3114,8521,8522,8525],{},[3130,8523,8524],{},"Завдання 3."," Ваш кластер має один control plane вузол і три worker-вузли. Worker Node 2 раптово стає недоступним. Опишіть покроково: який компонент першим виявляє проблему, яким чином, що відбувається з Podʼами, що виконувались на цьому вузлі, і скільки орієнтовно часу займе відновлення.",[3114,8527,8528,8531,8532,8534,8535,8537],{},[3130,8529,8530],{},"Завдання 4."," Чому ",[3118,8533,3989],{}," рекомендується розгортати у кластері з непарною кількістю вузлів (3, 5, 7)? Знайдіть відповідь у концепції «кворум» (quorum) у розподілених системах та поясніть своїми словами: що відбудеться з кластером з 4 вузлями ",[3118,8536,3989],{},", якщо одночасно впадуть 2?",[3970,8539,8541],{"id":8540},"рівень-3-архітектурне-мислення","Рівень 3 (Архітектурне мислення)",[3114,8543,8544,8547],{},[3130,8545,8546],{},"Завдання 5."," Ви проектуєте production-кластер для критичного застосунку з вимогою 99.99% uptime. Визначте мінімальну топологію: скільки вузлів control plane та скільки worker-вузлів потрібно, щоб витримати одночасний вихід з ладу одного control plane вузла і одного worker-вузла без деградації сервісу? 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