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DbProviderFactory — провайдер-незалежний код","/csharp/ado-net/provider-factory","01.csharp/09.ado-net/07.provider-factory",{"title":438,"path":439,"stem":440},"9.8. Асинхронний доступ до даних","/csharp/ado-net/async-data-access","01.csharp/09.ado-net/08.async-data-access",{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},"9.9. Від'єднаний режим: DataSet, DataTable, DataRow","/csharp/ado-net/disconnected-mode-dataset","01.csharp/09.ado-net/09.disconnected-mode-dataset",{"title":446,"path":447,"stem":448},"9.10. DataAdapter — міст між DataSet та базою даних","/csharp/ado-net/data-adapter","01.csharp/09.ado-net/10.data-adapter",{"title":450,"path":451,"stem":452},"9.11. Data Mapper та Repository: Архітектура доступу до даних","/csharp/ado-net/data-mapper-repository","01.csharp/09.ado-net/11.data-mapper-repository",{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},"9.12. Identity Map, Unit of Work та Specification Pattern","/csharp/ado-net/advanced-patterns","01.csharp/09.ado-net/12.advanced-patterns",{"title":458,"icon":255,"path":459,"stem":460,"children":461,"page":59},"Ef Core","/csharp/ef-core","01.csharp/10.ef-core",[462,466,470,474,478,482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,532,538,542,546,550,554,558,562,566,570,574,578,582,586,590,594,598,602,606,610,614,618,622,626,630,634,638,642,646],{"title":463,"path":464,"stem":465},"Що таке ORM? Від SQL до об'єктів","/csharp/ef-core/what-is-orm","01.csharp/10.ef-core/01.what-is-orm",{"title":467,"path":468,"stem":469},"Перший проєкт — від нуля до CRUD","/csharp/ef-core/first-project","01.csharp/10.ef-core/02.first-project",{"title":471,"path":472,"stem":473},"DbContext — Серце EF Core","/csharp/ef-core/dbcontext-deep-dive","01.csharp/10.ef-core/03.dbcontext-deep-dive",{"title":475,"path":476,"stem":477},"Провайдери баз даних — Архітектура та Вибір СУБД","/csharp/ef-core/database-providers","01.csharp/10.ef-core/04.database-providers",{"title":479,"path":480,"stem":481},"Конвенції EF Core — Магія без конфігурації","/csharp/ef-core/conventions","01.csharp/10.ef-core/05.conventions",{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Fluent API та Data Annotations — Явна конфігурація моделі","/csharp/ef-core/fluent-api-vs-annotations","01.csharp/10.ef-core/06.fluent-api-vs-annotations",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Зв'язки — One-to-One та One-to-Many","/csharp/ef-core/relationships-basics","01.csharp/10.ef-core/07.relationships-basics",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Зв'язки Advanced — Many-to-Many та Складні Сценарії","/csharp/ef-core/relationships-advanced","01.csharp/10.ef-core/08.relationships-advanced",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Властивості — Типи, Конвертери, Компаратори (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/property-configuration-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/09.property-configuration-part1",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Властивості — Value Comparers, Generators, Shadow Properties (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/property-configuration-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/09.property-configuration-part2",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Складні типи — Owned Types та Complex Types (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/complex-types-owned-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/10.complex-types-owned-part1",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Складні типи — Complex Types, Keyless Entities, Порівняння (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/complex-types-owned-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/10.complex-types-owned-part2",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"JSON Columns — Складні дані у JSON (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/json-columns-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/11.json-columns-part1",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"JSON Columns — Value Comparers, Індекси, Провайдери (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/json-columns-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/11.json-columns-part2",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Успадкування — Абстрактні класи та TPH (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/inheritance-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/12.inheritance-part1",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Успадкування — TPT, TPC та Порівняння Стратегій (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/inheritance-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/12.inheritance-part2",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529,"children":530},"Індекси, Обмеження та Схема (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/indexes-constraints-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/13.indexes-constraints-part1",[531],{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535,"children":536},"Індекси, Обмеження та Схема (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/indexes-constraints-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/13.indexes-constraints-part2",[537],{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},{"title":539,"path":540,"stem":541},"Seed Data — Початкові Дані (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/seeding-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/14.seeding-part1",{"title":543,"path":544,"stem":545},"Seed Data — SQL-скрипти, Bogus та Стратегії (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/seeding-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/14.seeding-part2",{"title":547,"path":548,"stem":549},"Global Query Filters — Глобальні Фільтри (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/global-query-filters-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/15.global-query-filters-part1",{"title":551,"path":552,"stem":553},"Global Query Filters — Підводні камені та Інтеграція (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/global-query-filters-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/15.global-query-filters-part2",{"title":555,"path":556,"stem":557},"LINQ-запити в EF Core (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/linq-queries-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/16.linq-queries-part1",{"title":559,"path":560,"stem":561},"LINQ-запити в EF Core (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/linq-queries-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/16.linq-queries-part2",{"title":563,"path":564,"stem":565},"Завантаження Пов'язаних Даних (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/loading-related-data-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/17.loading-related-data-part1",{"title":567,"path":568,"stem":569},"Завантаження Пов'язаних Даних (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/loading-related-data-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/17.loading-related-data-part2",{"title":571,"path":572,"stem":573},"Raw SQL, Views та Stored Procedures (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/raw-sql-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/18.raw-sql-part1",{"title":575,"path":576,"stem":577},"Raw SQL — Stored Procedures, DbFunction та Bulk Operations (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/raw-sql-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/18.raw-sql-part2",{"title":579,"path":580,"stem":581},"Продвинуті Запити — Compiled Queries, Bulk та Оптимізація (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/advanced-queries-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/19.advanced-queries-part1",{"title":583,"path":584,"stem":585},"Продвинуті Запити — Query Tags, Bulk та Interceptors (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/advanced-queries-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/19.advanced-queries-part2",{"title":587,"path":588,"stem":589},"Change Tracker — Відстеження Змін (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/change-tracking-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/20.change-tracking-part1",{"title":591,"path":592,"stem":593},"Change Tracker — Графи Об'єктів та Disconnected (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/change-tracking-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/20.change-tracking-part2",{"title":595,"path":596,"stem":597},"Збереження Даних та Транзакції (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/saving-data-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/21.saving-data-part1",{"title":599,"path":600,"stem":601},"Збереження Даних — Concurrency та Outbox (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/saving-data-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/21.saving-data-part2",{"title":603,"path":604,"stem":605},"Конкурентність та Блокування (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/concurrency-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/22.concurrency-part1",{"title":607,"path":608,"stem":609},"Конкурентність — Дедлоки та Queue Processing (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/concurrency-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/22.concurrency-part2",{"title":611,"path":612,"stem":613},"Міграції в EF Core — Основи (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-basics-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/23.migrations-basics-part1",{"title":615,"path":616,"stem":617},"Міграції в EF Core — Основи (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-basics-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/23.migrations-basics-part2",{"title":619,"path":620,"stem":621},"Міграції — Просунуті Сценарії (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-advanced-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/24.migrations-advanced-part1",{"title":623,"path":624,"stem":625},"Міграції — Просунуті Сценарії (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/migrations-advanced-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/24.migrations-advanced-part2",{"title":627,"path":628,"stem":629},"Управління Схемою та Database-First (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/schema-management-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/25.schema-management-part1",{"title":631,"path":632,"stem":633},"Управління Схемою та Database-First (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/schema-management-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/25.schema-management-part2",{"title":635,"path":636,"stem":637},"Продуктивність EF Core — Основи (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/performance-fundamentals-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/26.performance-fundamentals-part1",{"title":639,"path":640,"stem":641},"Interceptors в EF Core (Частина 1)","/csharp/ef-core/interceptors-part1","01.csharp/10.ef-core/29.interceptors-part1",{"title":643,"path":644,"stem":645},"Interceptors в EF Core — Connection, Transaction та Materialization (Частина 2)","/csharp/ef-core/interceptors-part2","01.csharp/10.ef-core/29.interceptors-part2",{"title":647,"path":648,"stem":649},"План вивчення Entity Framework Core — Повний курс","/csharp/ef-core/implementation_plan","01.csharp/10.ef-core/implementation_plan",{"title":651,"icon":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655,"page":59},"ASP.NET","i-devicon-dotnetcore","/csharp/aspnet","01.csharp/11.aspnet",[656,730,791,869,927,941,967,1057,1111,1182,1212,1289],{"title":657,"icon":658,"path":659,"stem":660,"children":661,"page":59},"Minimal API","i-lucide-network","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api",[662,666,670,674,678,682,686,690,694,698,702,706,710,714,718,722,726],{"title":663,"path":664,"stem":665},"Вступ до ASP.NET та еволюція фреймворку","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/introduction","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/01.introduction",{"title":667,"path":668,"stem":669},"Перший додаток на ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/first-application","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/02.first-application",{"title":671,"path":672,"stem":673},"WebApplication, Builder та Dependency Injection","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/webapplication-builder","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/03.webapplication-builder",{"title":675,"path":676,"stem":677},"Конвеєр запитів та Middleware","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/request-pipeline-middleware","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/04.request-pipeline-middleware",{"title":679,"path":680,"stem":681},"Маршрутизація в ASP.NET Core: Основи","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/routing-basics","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/05.routing-basics",{"title":683,"path":684,"stem":685},"Маршрутизація в ASP.NET Core: Розширені можливості","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/routing-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/06.routing-advanced",{"title":687,"path":688,"stem":689},"Статичні файли в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/static-files","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/07.static-files",{"title":691,"path":692,"stem":693},"Статичні Активи: MapStaticAssets (ASP.NET Core 9.0)","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/static-assets","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/08.static-assets",{"title":695,"path":696,"stem":697},"Конфігурація в ASP.NET Core: Основи","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/configuration-fundamentals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/09.configuration-fundamentals",{"title":699,"path":700,"stem":701},"Конфігурація: Паттерн Options","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/configuration-options","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/10.configuration-options",{"title":703,"path":704,"stem":705},"Логування в ASP.NET Core: Основи","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/logging-basics","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/11.logging-basics",{"title":707,"path":708,"stem":709},"Логування: Serilog та Middleware","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/logging-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/12.logging-advanced",{"title":711,"path":712,"stem":713},"Управління станом: HttpContext.Items та Cookies","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/state-management","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/13.state-management",{"title":715,"path":716,"stem":717},"Стан сесії: Sessions","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/session-state","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/14.session-state",{"title":719,"path":720,"stem":721},"Структура проєкту: від хаосу до архітектури","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/project-structure","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/15.project-structure",{"title":723,"path":724,"stem":725},"Scalar у Minimal API: повний проєкт і Fluent OpenAPI","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/scalar-openapi-fluent","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/16.scalar-openapi-fluent",{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},"Swagger / Swashbuckle у Minimal API: окремий класичний шлях","/csharp/aspnet/minimal-api/swagger-swashbuckle","01.csharp/11.aspnet/01.minimal-api/17.swagger-swashbuckle",{"title":731,"icon":658,"path":732,"stem":733,"children":734,"page":59},"API","/csharp/aspnet/api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api",[735,739,743,747,751,755,759,763,767,771,775,779,783,787],{"title":736,"path":737,"stem":738},"Що таке API. Клієнт-серверна архітектура","/csharp/aspnet/api/what-is-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/01.what-is-api",{"title":740,"path":741,"stem":742},"Формати даних: JSON, XML, TOML та бінарні формати","/csharp/aspnet/api/data-formats","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/02.data-formats",{"title":744,"path":745,"stem":746},"Парадигми API та концепція REST","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-paradigms-rest","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/03.api-paradigms-rest",{"title":748,"path":749,"stem":750},"HTTP-методи, статус-коди та заголовки","/csharp/aspnet/api/http-methods-status-codes","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/04.http-methods-status-codes",{"title":752,"path":753,"stem":754},"Організація HTTP API за принципами REST","/csharp/aspnet/api/rest-organizing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/05.rest-organizing",{"title":756,"path":757,"stem":758},"Номенклатура URL та CRUD-операції","/csharp/aspnet/api/url-nomenclature-crud","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/06.url-nomenclature-crud",{"title":760,"path":761,"stem":762},"Правила дизайну: іменування та стандарти","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-design-naming","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/07.api-design-naming",{"title":764,"path":765,"stem":766},"Валідація, ліміти та обробка помилок","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-design-validation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/08.api-design-validation",{"title":768,"path":769,"stem":770},"Обробка помилок у Minimal API","/csharp/aspnet/api/error-handling-http","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/09.error-handling-http",{"title":772,"path":773,"stem":774},"Ідемпотентність та синхронізація стану","/csharp/aspnet/api/idempotency-sync","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/10.idempotency-sync",{"title":776,"path":777,"stem":778},"Пагінація та організація списків","/csharp/aspnet/api/pagination-lists","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/11.pagination-lists",{"title":780,"path":781,"stem":782},"Безпека API, кешування та інтернаціоналізація","/csharp/aspnet/api/security-auth","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/12.security-auth",{"title":784,"path":785,"stem":786},"Процес проєктування API та документування","/csharp/aspnet/api/api-design-process","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/13.api-design-process",{"title":788,"path":789,"stem":790},"OpenAPI: контракт, специфікація та документація API","/csharp/aspnet/api/openapi","01.csharp/11.aspnet/02.api/14.openapi",{"title":792,"icon":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796,"page":59},"Auth","i-lucide-shield-check","/csharp/aspnet/auth","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth",[797,801,805,809,813,817,821,825,829,833,837,841,845,849,853,857,861,865],{"title":798,"path":799,"stem":800},"Основи аутентифікації та авторизації","/csharp/aspnet/auth/auth-fundamentals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/01.auth-fundamentals",{"title":802,"path":803,"stem":804},"JWT-аутентифікація","/csharp/aspnet/auth/jwt-authentication","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/02.jwt-authentication",{"title":806,"path":807,"stem":808},"Авторизація: ролі, політики та resource-based доступ","/csharp/aspnet/auth/authorization-policies","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/03.authorization-policies",{"title":810,"path":811,"stem":812},"Cookie-аутентифікація та ASP.NET Core Identity","/csharp/aspnet/auth/cookie-auth-identity","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/04.cookie-auth-identity",{"title":814,"path":815,"stem":816},"JWT + Refresh Tokens (HttpOnly Cookie)","/csharp/aspnet/auth/04b.identity-auth-jwt","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/04b.identity-auth-jwt",{"title":818,"path":819,"stem":820},"Identity: Підтвердження Email та Скидання Пароля","/csharp/aspnet/auth/identity-email-confirmation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/05.identity-email-confirmation",{"title":822,"path":823,"stem":824},"Identity: Двофакторна Аутентифікація (2FA)","/csharp/aspnet/auth/identity-two-factor","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/06.identity-two-factor",{"title":826,"path":827,"stem":828},"Identity: Внутрішня Архітектура та Кастомізація","/csharp/aspnet/auth/identity-internals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/07.identity-internals",{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832},"OAuth 2.0 та зовнішні провайдери","/csharp/aspnet/auth/oauth-external-providers","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/08.oauth-external-providers",{"title":834,"path":835,"stem":836},"Безпека на практиці: CORS, HTTPS та захист від атак","/csharp/aspnet/auth/security-hardening","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/09.security-hardening",{"title":838,"path":839,"stem":840},"Теорія OAuth 2.0: Поняття, Аналогії та Флоу","/csharp/aspnet/auth/oauth-theory","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/10.oauth-theory",{"title":842,"path":843,"stem":844},"OIDC, OAuth 2.0 та Keycloak в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/oidc-keycloak","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/10.oidc-keycloak",{"title":846,"path":847,"stem":848},"API Keys аутентифікація в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/api-keys","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/11.api-keys",{"title":850,"path":851,"stem":852},"Rate Limiting та Throttling в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/rate-limiting","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/12.rate-limiting",{"title":854,"path":855,"stem":856},"Refresh Token Rotation в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/refresh-token-rotation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/13.refresh-token-rotation",{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860},"Certificate Authentication та mTLS в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/certificate-auth","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/14.certificate-auth",{"title":862,"path":863,"stem":864},"RBAC, ABAC та ReBAC в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/rbac-abac-rebac","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/15.rbac-abac-rebac",{"title":866,"path":867,"stem":868},"Multi-tenancy та ізоляція даних в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/auth/multi-tenancy","01.csharp/11.aspnet/03.auth/16.multi-tenancy",{"title":870,"icon":871,"path":872,"stem":873,"children":874,"page":59},"Нотифікації","i-lucide-bell","/csharp/aspnet/notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications",[875,879,883,887,891,895,899,903,907,911,915,919,923],{"title":876,"path":877,"stem":878},"In-App нотифікації через базу даних","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/in-app-database-notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/01.in-app-database-notifications",{"title":880,"path":881,"stem":882},"Polling: Регулярний запит оновлень","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/polling","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/02.polling",{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886},"Server-Sent Events: Однострімовий push від сервера","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/server-sent-events","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/03.server-sent-events",{"title":888,"path":889,"stem":890},"WebSockets: Двостороннє з'єднання в реальному часі","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/websockets","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/04.websockets",{"title":892,"path":893,"stem":894},"SignalR: Абстракція над транспортами реального часу","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/signalr","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/05.signalr",{"title":896,"path":897,"stem":898},"Background Services: Фонові задачі в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/background-services","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/06.background-services",{"title":900,"path":901,"stem":902},"Web Push нотифікації","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/web-push","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/07.web-push",{"title":904,"path":905,"stem":906},"Email нотифікації","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/email-notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/08.email-notifications",{"title":908,"path":909,"stem":910},"Порівняння підходів: Як вибрати правильну технологію нотифікацій","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/choosing-the-right-approach","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/09.choosing-the-right-approach",{"title":912,"path":913,"stem":914},"Hangfire: Надійне планування фонових задач","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/hangfire","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/10.hangfire",{"title":916,"path":917,"stem":918},"Практика: Конвертація зображень у WebP через Hangfire","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/hangfire-image-webp","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/11.hangfire-image-webp",{"title":920,"path":921,"stem":922},"Практика: Підготовка відео до HLS-стрімінгу через Hangfire","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/hangfire-video-hls","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/12.hangfire-video-hls",{"title":924,"path":925,"stem":926},"Telegram-нотифікації: від одного повідомлення до масових розсилок і мульти-канального підходу","/csharp/aspnet/notifications/telegram-notifications","01.csharp/11.aspnet/04.notifications/13.telegram-notifications",{"title":928,"icon":929,"path":930,"stem":931,"children":932,"page":59},"Інтернаціоналізація","i-lucide-languages","/csharp/aspnet/i18n","01.csharp/11.aspnet/05.i18n",[933,937],{"title":934,"path":935,"stem":936},"Інтернаціоналізація (i18n) у Minimal API: від A до Я","/csharp/aspnet/i18n/internationalization","01.csharp/11.aspnet/05.i18n/01.internationalization",{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940},"Humanizer: людиномовні рядки у .NET","/csharp/aspnet/i18n/humanizer","01.csharp/11.aspnet/05.i18n/02.humanizer",{"title":942,"icon":943,"path":944,"stem":945,"children":946,"page":59},"Кешування","i-lucide-layers","/csharp/aspnet/caching","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching",[947,951,955,959,963],{"title":948,"path":949,"stem":950},"Огляд кешування: чотири рівні і коли що обирати","/csharp/aspnet/caching/caching","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/01.caching",{"title":952,"path":953,"stem":954},"IMemoryCache: кеш в оперативній пам'яті","/csharp/aspnet/caching/memory-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/02.memory-cache",{"title":956,"path":957,"stem":958},"IDistributedCache і Redis: розподілений кеш","/csharp/aspnet/caching/distributed-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/03.distributed-cache",{"title":960,"path":961,"stem":962},"Response Cache: HTTP-кешування через Cache-Control","/csharp/aspnet/caching/response-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/04.response-cache",{"title":964,"path":965,"stem":966},"Output Cache: серверний кеш HTTP-відповідей (.NET 7+)","/csharp/aspnet/caching/output-cache","01.csharp/11.aspnet/06.caching/05.output-cache",{"title":968,"icon":969,"path":970,"stem":971,"children":972,"page":59},"Тестування","i-lucide-test-tube","/csharp/aspnet/testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing",[973,977,981,985,989,993,997,1001,1005,1009,1013,1017,1021,1025,1029,1033,1037,1041,1045,1049,1053],{"title":974,"path":975,"stem":976},"Що таке тестування? Від інтуїції до науки","/csharp/aspnet/testing/what-is-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/01.what-is-testing",{"title":978,"path":979,"stem":980},"Піраміда тестування — Стратегія, а не Догма","/csharp/aspnet/testing/testing-pyramid","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/02.testing-pyramid",{"title":982,"path":983,"stem":984},"Дві Школи Тестування — Лондон проти Детройту","/csharp/aspnet/testing/testing-schools","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/03.testing-schools",{"title":986,"path":987,"stem":988},"TDD та BDD — Тести як Дизайн-інструмент","/csharp/aspnet/testing/tdd-and-bdd","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/04.tdd-and-bdd",{"title":990,"path":991,"stem":992},"Що саме тестувати — Техніки аналізу та Циклomatична складність","/csharp/aspnet/testing/what-to-test","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/05.what-to-test",{"title":994,"path":995,"stem":996},"Тестові Фреймворки — Навіщо вони і що всередині","/csharp/aspnet/testing/test-frameworks","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/06.test-frameworks",{"title":998,"path":999,"stem":1000},"xUnit — Факти, Теорії та Lifecycle тестів","/csharp/aspnet/testing/xunit-basics","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/07.xunit-basics",{"title":1002,"path":1003,"stem":1004},"xUnit Advanced — Fixtures, Кастомізація та Розширення","/csharp/aspnet/testing/xunit-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/08.xunit-advanced",{"title":1006,"path":1007,"stem":1008},"Moq — Глибоке занурення в мокування","/csharp/aspnet/testing/mocking-with-moq","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/09.mocking-with-moq",{"title":1010,"path":1011,"stem":1012},"Тестування Баз Даних — EF Core, SQLite та Testcontainers","/csharp/aspnet/testing/database-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/10.database-testing",{"title":1014,"path":1015,"stem":1016},"Integration Testing — Частина 1 [Теорія та WebApplicationFactory]","/csharp/aspnet/testing/integration-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/11.integration-testing",{"title":1018,"path":1019,"stem":1020},"Інтеграційне тестування — Практика","/csharp/aspnet/testing/11a.integration-testing-practice","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/11a.integration-testing-practice",{"title":1022,"path":1023,"stem":1024},"Integration Testing — Частина 2 [Просунуті Сценарії та Testcontainers]","/csharp/aspnet/testing/integration-testing-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/12.integration-testing-advanced",{"title":1026,"path":1027,"stem":1028},"Професійний Postman: Колекції, Змінні та GitHub Інтеграція","/csharp/aspnet/testing/postman-professional","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/13.postman-professional",{"title":1030,"path":1031,"stem":1032},"HttpClient у Тестах Частина 1: Архітектура та MockHttpMessageHandler","/csharp/aspnet/testing/httpclient-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/14.httpclient-testing",{"title":1034,"path":1035,"stem":1036},"HttpClient у Тестах Частина 2: WireMock.Net та Resilience","/csharp/aspnet/testing/wiremock-net","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/15.wiremock-net",{"title":1038,"path":1039,"stem":1040},"Патерни та Анти-патерни Тестування: Test Smells","/csharp/aspnet/testing/testing-patterns","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/16.testing-patterns",{"title":1042,"path":1043,"stem":1044},"Просунуті інструменти: Time, Snapshots та Властивості","/csharp/aspnet/testing/advanced-testing-tools","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/17.advanced-testing-tools",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048},"Тестування Архітектури з NetArchTest","/csharp/aspnet/testing/architecture-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/18.architecture-testing",{"title":1050,"path":1051,"stem":1052},"Тестування Продуктивності: BenchmarkDotNet, NBomber та k6","/csharp/aspnet/testing/performance-testing","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/19.performance-testing",{"title":1054,"path":1055,"stem":1056},"Залишок плану для курсу \"Тестування ASP.NET Minimal API\"","/csharp/aspnet/testing/remaining_plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/07.testing/remaining_plan",{"title":1058,"icon":1059,"path":1060,"stem":1061,"children":1062,"page":59},"Платежі","i-lucide-credit-card","/csharp/aspnet/payments","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments",[1063,1067,1071,1075,1079,1083,1087,1091,1095,1099,1103,1107],{"title":1064,"path":1065,"stem":1066},"Основи платіжної інфраструктури","/csharp/aspnet/payments/payment-fundamentals","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/01.payment-fundamentals",{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070},"Методи оплати в Україні","/csharp/aspnet/payments/payment-methods-ukraine","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/02.payment-methods-ukraine",{"title":1072,"path":1073,"stem":1074},"PCI DSS та безпека платежів","/csharp/aspnet/payments/pci-dss-security","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/03.pci-dss-security",{"title":1076,"path":1077,"stem":1078},"Архітектура платіжної підсистеми","/csharp/aspnet/payments/payment-architecture","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/04.payment-architecture",{"title":1080,"path":1081,"stem":1082},"Інтеграція LiqPay (ПриватБанк)","/csharp/aspnet/payments/liqpay-integration","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/05.liqpay-integration",{"title":1084,"path":1085,"stem":1086},"Інтеграція Monobank Acquiring API","/csharp/aspnet/payments/monobank-acquiring","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/06.monobank-acquiring",{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090},"Інтеграція Stripe","/csharp/aspnet/payments/stripe-integration","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/07.stripe-integration",{"title":1092,"path":1093,"stem":1094},"Webhooks — глибоке занурення","/csharp/aspnet/payments/webhooks-deep-dive","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/08.webhooks-deep-dive",{"title":1096,"path":1097,"stem":1098},"Підписки та рекурентні платежі","/csharp/aspnet/payments/subscriptions-recurring","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/09.subscriptions-recurring",{"title":1100,"path":1101,"stem":1102},"Повернення коштів та диспути","/csharp/aspnet/payments/refunds-disputes","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/10.refunds-disputes",{"title":1104,"path":1105,"stem":1106},"Тестування платіжних інтеграцій","/csharp/aspnet/payments/testing-payments","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/11.testing-payments",{"title":1108,"path":1109,"stem":1110},"Чекліст виходу в Production","/csharp/aspnet/payments/production-checklist","01.csharp/11.aspnet/08.payments/12.production-checklist",{"title":1112,"icon":1113,"items":1114,"path":1127,"stem":1128,"children":1129,"page":59},"Популярні бібліотеки","lucide:box",[1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126],"01.fluent-validation","02.mapster","03.erroror-result-pattern","04.serilog","05.mediatr","06.polly","07.health-checks","08.feature-management","09.fluent-email","10.quest-pdf","11.bogus","12.humanizer-guard","/csharp/aspnet/libraries","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries",[1130,1134,1138,1142,1146,1150,1154,1158,1162,1166,1170,1174,1178],{"title":1131,"path":1132,"stem":1133},"Валідація з FluentValidation в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/fluent-validation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/01.fluent-validation",{"title":1135,"path":1136,"stem":1137},"Маппінг об","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/mapster","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/02.mapster",{"title":1139,"path":1140,"stem":1141},"Обробка помилок з ErrorOr та Result Pattern в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/erroror-result-pattern","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/03.erroror-result-pattern",{"title":1143,"path":1144,"stem":1145},"Структуроване логування з Serilog в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/serilog","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/04.serilog",{"title":1147,"path":1148,"stem":1149},"CQRS та Mediator з MediatR в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/mediatr","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/05.mediatr",{"title":1151,"path":1152,"stem":1153},"Відмовостійкість з Polly в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/polly","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/06.polly",{"title":1155,"path":1156,"stem":1157},"Health Checks в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/health-checks","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/07.health-checks",{"title":1159,"path":1160,"stem":1161},"Feature Management та Feature Flags в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/feature-management","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/08.feature-management",{"title":1163,"path":1164,"stem":1165},"Відправка Email з FluentEmail в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/fluent-email","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/09.fluent-email",{"title":1167,"path":1168,"stem":1169},"Генерація PDF з QuestPDF в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/quest-pdf","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/10.quest-pdf",{"title":1171,"path":1172,"stem":1173},"Генерація тестових даних з Bogus в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/bogus","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/11.bogus",{"title":1175,"path":1176,"stem":1177},"Humanizer та Guard Clauses в ASP.NET Core","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/humanizer-guard","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/12.humanizer-guard",{"title":1179,"path":1180,"stem":1181},"План модуля 10.libraries — Популярні бібліотеки ASP.NET","/csharp/aspnet/libraries/plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/09.libraries/plan",{"title":1183,"icon":1184,"path":1185,"stem":1186,"children":1187,"page":59},"Razor Pages","i-lucide-layout-template","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages",[1188,1192,1196,1200,1204,1208],{"title":1189,"path":1190,"stem":1191},"Від Minimal API до Razor Pages: концептуальний перехід","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/from-minimal-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/01.from-minimal-api",{"title":1193,"path":1194,"stem":1195},"PageModel: логіка сторінки Razor Pages","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/page-model","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/02.page-model",{"title":1197,"path":1198,"stem":1199},"Razor синтаксис: шаблонізатор у .cshtml","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/razor-syntax","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/03.razor-syntax",{"title":1201,"path":1202,"stem":1203},"Tag Helpers: типізований HTML","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/tag-helpers","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/04.tag-helpers",{"title":1205,"path":1206,"stem":1207},"Форми і валідація: повний цикл обробки даних","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/forms-validation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/05.forms-validation",{"title":1209,"path":1210,"stem":1211},"Практичний проєкт: TaskManager на Razor Pages","/csharp/aspnet/razor-pages/project-task-manager","01.csharp/11.aspnet/10.razor-pages/06.project-task-manager",{"title":1213,"path":1214,"stem":1215,"children":1216,"page":59},"ASP.NET Core MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc",[1217,1221,1225,1229,1233,1237,1241,1245,1249,1253,1257,1261,1265,1269,1273,1277,1281,1285],{"title":1218,"path":1219,"stem":1220},"Патерн MVC: архітектура, що змінила веб","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/mvc-pattern","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/01.mvc-pattern",{"title":1222,"path":1223,"stem":1224},"Від Razor Pages до MVC: концептуальний перехід","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/from-razor-pages","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/02.from-razor-pages",{"title":1226,"path":1227,"stem":1228},"Controllers та Actions: серце MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/controllers-actions","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/03.controllers-actions",{"title":1230,"path":1231,"stem":1232},"Маршрутизація в MVC: Convention vs Attribute Routing","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/routing-mvc","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/04.routing-mvc",{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236},"Model Binding: від HTTP до C#","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/model-binding","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/05.model-binding",{"title":1238,"path":1239,"stem":1240},"Views, ViewData, ViewBag, TempData і ViewModel","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/views-viewdata-tempdata","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/06.views-viewdata-tempdata",{"title":1242,"path":1243,"stem":1244},"Filters: аспектно-орієнтоване програмування в MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/filters","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/07.filters",{"title":1246,"path":1247,"stem":1248},"Areas: структурування великих застосунків","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/areas","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/08.areas",{"title":1250,"path":1251,"stem":1252},"View Components: повторювані незалежні блоки UI","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/view-components","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/09.view-components",{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256},"Display та Editor Templates","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/display-editor-templates","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/10.display-editor-templates",{"title":1258,"path":1259,"stem":1260},"Валідація: IValidatableObject та FluentValidation","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/validation-advanced","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/11.validation-advanced",{"title":1262,"path":1263,"stem":1264},"HTMX: інтерактивність через HTML-атрибути","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/htmx","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/12.htmx",{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268},"HTMX у ASP.NET Core MVC: серверна інтеграція","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/ajax-htmx-mvc","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/13.ajax-htmx-mvc",{"title":1270,"path":1271,"stem":1272},"Практичний проєкт: Каталог товарів з HTMX","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/htmx-project","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/14.htmx-project",{"title":1274,"path":1275,"stem":1276},"Завантаження та обробка файлів","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/file-upload","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/15.file-upload",{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280},"Глобалізація та Локалізація MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/globalization-localization","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/16.globalization-localization",{"title":1282,"path":1283,"stem":1284},"Підсумковий проєкт: Блог-платформа","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/mvc-project","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/17.mvc-project",{"title":1286,"path":1287,"stem":1288},"План курсу: ASP.NET Core MVC","/csharp/aspnet/mvc/plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/11.mvc/plan",{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292,"children":1293,"page":59},"Web Api","/csharp/aspnet/web-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api",[1294,1298,1302,1306,1310,1314,1318,1322,1326,1330,1334,1338,1342],{"title":1295,"path":1296,"stem":1297},"Від Minimal API до Controller-based API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/from-minimal-api-to-controllers","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/01.from-minimal-api-to-controllers",{"title":1299,"path":1300,"stem":1301},"ControllerBase, ActionResult\u003CT> та Response Types","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/controller-base-actionresult","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/02.controller-base-actionresult",{"title":1303,"path":1304,"stem":1305},"Content Negotiation - JSON, XML та власні форматери","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/content-negotiation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/03.content-negotiation",{"title":1307,"path":1308,"stem":1309},"Версіонування API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/api-versioning","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/04.api-versioning",{"title":1311,"path":1312,"stem":1313},"ProblemDetails та структурована обробка помилок","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/problemdetails-error-handling","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/05.problemdetails-error-handling",{"title":1315,"path":1316,"stem":1317},"Фільтри у Web API контексті","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/filters-for-api","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/06.filters-for-api",{"title":1319,"path":1320,"stem":1321},"Пагінація, фільтрація та сортування","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/pagination-filtering-sorting","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/07.pagination-filtering-sorting",{"title":1323,"path":1324,"stem":1325},"HATEOAS та Resource Expansion","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/hateoas-resource-expansion","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/08.hateoas-resource-expansion",{"title":1327,"path":1328,"stem":1329},"Гібридна архітектура - Minimal API + Controllers","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/minimal-api-vs-controllers-hybrid","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/09.minimal-api-vs-controllers-hybrid",{"title":1331,"path":1332,"stem":1333},"Документація API - Swashbuckle, NSwag та генерація клієнтів","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/api-documentation-generation","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/10.api-documentation-generation",{"title":1335,"path":1336,"stem":1337},"Health Checks та моніторинг API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/health-checks-monitoring","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/11.health-checks-monitoring",{"title":1339,"path":1340,"stem":1341},"Підсумковий проєкт - Production-Ready REST API","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/web-api-project","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/12.web-api-project",{"title":1343,"path":1344,"stem":1345},"План курсу: ASP.NET Core Web API (Controllers)","/csharp/aspnet/web-api/plan","01.csharp/11.aspnet/12.web-api/plan",{"title":1347,"icon":1348,"path":1349,"stem":1350,"children":1351,"page":59},"Desktop UI","i-lucide-app-window","/csharp/desktop-ui","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui",[1352,1356,1360,1364,1368,1372,1376,1380,1384,1388,1392,1396,1400,1404,1408,1412,1416,1420,1424,1428,1432,1436,1440,1444,1448,1452,1456,1460,1464,1468,1472,1476,1480,1484,1488,1492,1496,1500,1504,1508,1512,1516,1520,1524,1528,1532,1536,1540,1544,1548,1552,1556,1560,1564,1568,1572,1576,1580,1584,1588,1592,1596,1600,1604,1608,1612,1616,1620,1624,1628,1632],{"title":1353,"path":1354,"stem":1355},"Що таке десктопна розробка?","/csharp/desktop-ui/what-is-desktop-dev","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/01.what-is-desktop-dev",{"title":1357,"path":1358,"stem":1359},"Архітектура WPF — як влаштований графічний інтерфейс","/csharp/desktop-ui/wpf-architecture","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/02.wpf-architecture",{"title":1361,"path":1362,"stem":1363},"Перший WPF-проєкт — від нуля до вікна","/csharp/desktop-ui/first-wpf-app","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/03.first-wpf-app",{"title":1365,"path":1366,"stem":1367},"Перший Avalonia-проєкт: WPF для всіх платформ","/csharp/desktop-ui/03a.first-avalonia-app","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/03a.first-avalonia-app",{"title":1369,"path":1370,"stem":1371},"XAML: декларативний інтерфейс","/csharp/desktop-ui/xaml-basics","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04.xaml-basics",{"title":1373,"path":1374,"stem":1375},"Fluent UI у WPF — сучасний дизайн Windows 11","/csharp/desktop-ui/04a.wpf-fluent-ui","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04a.wpf-fluent-ui",{"title":1377,"path":1378,"stem":1379},"WPF UI — сучасна бібліотека Fluent контролів","/csharp/desktop-ui/04b.wpf-ui-library","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04b.wpf-ui-library",{"title":1381,"path":1382,"stem":1383},"HandyControl — велика бібліотека UI контролів для WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/04c.handycontrol-library","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/04c.handycontrol-library",{"title":1385,"path":1386,"stem":1387},"Простори імен та ресурси XAML","/csharp/desktop-ui/xaml-namespaces-resources","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/05.xaml-namespaces-resources",{"title":1389,"path":1390,"stem":1391},"XAML в Avalonia: ключові відмінності від WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/05a.avalonia-xaml-differences","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/05a.avalonia-xaml-differences",{"title":1393,"path":1394,"stem":1395},"Розширення розмітки XAML (Markup Extensions)","/csharp/desktop-ui/xaml-markup-extensions","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/06.xaml-markup-extensions",{"title":1397,"path":1398,"stem":1399},"Панелі Layout: StackPanel, WrapPanel, DockPanel","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-panels-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/07.layout-panels-part1",{"title":1401,"path":1402,"stem":1403},"Grid, Canvas, UniformGrid","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-panels-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/07.layout-panels-part2",{"title":1405,"path":1406,"stem":1407},"Просунуті техніки Layout","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-advanced","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/08.layout-advanced",{"title":1409,"path":1410,"stem":1411},"Адаптивний Layout та найкращі практики","/csharp/desktop-ui/layout-responsive","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/09.layout-responsive",{"title":1413,"path":1414,"stem":1415},"Layout в Avalonia: відмінності та нові можливості","/csharp/desktop-ui/09a.layout-avalonia","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/09a.layout-avalonia",{"title":1417,"path":1418,"stem":1419},"Button, Image, ProgressBar та інші базові контроли","/csharp/desktop-ui/basic-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/10.basic-controls",{"title":1421,"path":1422,"stem":1423},"Контроли в Avalonia: відмінності від WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/10a.controls-avalonia","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/10a.controls-avalonia",{"title":1425,"path":1426,"stem":1427},"Текстові контроли — TextBlock, TextBox, RichTextBox","/csharp/desktop-ui/text-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/11.text-controls",{"title":1429,"path":1430,"stem":1431},"Контроли вибору — CheckBox, RadioButton, ComboBox, ListBox, DatePicker","/csharp/desktop-ui/selection-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/12.selection-controls",{"title":1433,"path":1434,"stem":1435},"Content Model — GroupBox, Expander, TabControl, StatusBar","/csharp/desktop-ui/content-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/13.content-controls",{"title":1437,"path":1438,"stem":1439},"UI/UX принципи десктопних застосунків","/csharp/desktop-ui/13a.ui-ux-principles","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/13a.ui-ux-principles",{"title":1441,"path":1442,"stem":1443},"Dependency Properties — Концепція та Value Resolution","/csharp/desktop-ui/dependency-properties-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/14.dependency-properties-part1",{"title":1445,"path":1446,"stem":1447},"Avalonia Property System — StyledProperty та DirectProperty","/csharp/desktop-ui/14a.avalonia-property-system","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/14a.avalonia-property-system",{"title":1449,"path":1450,"stem":1451},"Attached Properties — Властивості без меж","/csharp/desktop-ui/attached-properties","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/15.attached-properties",{"title":1453,"path":1454,"stem":1455},"Routed Events — Маршрутизація подій у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/routed-events","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/16.routed-events",{"title":1457,"path":1458,"stem":1459},"Data Binding — Від Code-Behind до Декларативності","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-binding-basics-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/17.data-binding-basics-part1",{"title":1461,"path":1462,"stem":1463},"INotifyPropertyChanged — Живе оновлення UI","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-binding-basics-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/17.data-binding-basics-part2",{"title":1465,"path":1466,"stem":1467},"Compiled Bindings в Avalonia — Безпека на етапі компіляції","/csharp/desktop-ui/17a.avalonia-compiled-bindings","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/17a.avalonia-compiled-bindings",{"title":1469,"path":1470,"stem":1471},"Просунутий Data Binding — ElementName, RelativeSource, MultiBinding","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-binding-advanced","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/18.data-binding-advanced",{"title":1473,"path":1474,"stem":1475},"Value Converters — Перетворення типів даних у Data Binding","/csharp/desktop-ui/value-converters","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/19.value-converters",{"title":1477,"path":1478,"stem":1479},"Data Templates — Візуалізація об'єктів у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-templates","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/20.data-templates",{"title":1481,"path":1482,"stem":1483},"Collections Binding Part 1 — ObservableCollection та ItemsControl","/csharp/desktop-ui/collections-binding-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/21.collections-binding-part1",{"title":1485,"path":1486,"stem":1487},"Collections Binding Part 2 — ICollectionView, Filtering, Sorting та Virtualization","/csharp/desktop-ui/collections-binding-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/21.collections-binding-part2",{"title":1489,"path":1490,"stem":1491},"MVVM Pattern — Від Spaghetti Code до архітектури","/csharp/desktop-ui/mvvm-pattern","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/22.mvvm-pattern",{"title":1493,"path":1494,"stem":1495},"ViewModel Implementation — Від BaseViewModel до валідації","/csharp/desktop-ui/viewmodel-implementation","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/23.viewmodel-implementation",{"title":1497,"path":1498,"stem":1499},"Commands — Від event handlers до декларативних команд","/csharp/desktop-ui/commands","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/24.commands",{"title":1501,"path":1502,"stem":1503},"MVVM Toolkit — MVVM без boilerplate через Source Generators","/csharp/desktop-ui/mvvm-toolkit","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/25.mvvm-toolkit",{"title":1505,"path":1506,"stem":1507},"Messenger Pattern — Комунікація між ViewModel без прямих посилань","/csharp/desktop-ui/messenger-pattern","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/26.messenger-pattern",{"title":1509,"path":1510,"stem":1511},"Стилі WPF — CSS для десктопу","/csharp/desktop-ui/styles-basics","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/27.styles-basics",{"title":1513,"path":1514,"stem":1515},"CSS-like стилі Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/27a.avalonia-css-styling","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/27a.avalonia-css-styling",{"title":1517,"path":1518,"stem":1519},"Control Templates — Частина 1. Концепція та TemplateBinding","/csharp/desktop-ui/control-templates-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/28.control-templates-part1",{"title":1521,"path":1522,"stem":1523},"Control Templates — Частина 2. Named Parts та ContentPresenter","/csharp/desktop-ui/control-templates-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/28.control-templates-part2",{"title":1525,"path":1526,"stem":1527},"Control Themes в Avalonia — нова ера стилізації","/csharp/desktop-ui/28a.avalonia-control-themes","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/28a.avalonia-control-themes",{"title":1529,"path":1530,"stem":1531},"Triggers та Visual State Manager у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/triggers-visual-states","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/29.triggers-visual-states",{"title":1533,"path":1534,"stem":1535},"Pseudo-classes в Avalonia — замість WPF Triggers","/csharp/desktop-ui/29a.avalonia-pseudo-classes","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/29a.avalonia-pseudo-classes",{"title":1537,"path":1538,"stem":1539},"Теми та ресурсні словники у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/resources-themes","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/30.resources-themes",{"title":1541,"path":1542,"stem":1543},"Avalonia Themes — Fluent Design та система тематизації","/csharp/desktop-ui/30a.avalonia-themes-fluent","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/30a.avalonia-themes-fluent",{"title":1545,"path":1546,"stem":1547},"Контроли колекцій — глибоке занурення","/csharp/desktop-ui/collection-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/31.collection-controls",{"title":1549,"path":1550,"stem":1551},"DataGrid — колонки та базове відображення","/csharp/desktop-ui/datagrid-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/32.datagrid-part1",{"title":1553,"path":1554,"stem":1555},"DataGrid — сортування, фільтрація, редагування","/csharp/desktop-ui/datagrid-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/32.datagrid-part2",{"title":1557,"path":1558,"stem":1559},"TreeView та GridView","/csharp/desktop-ui/treeview-listview","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/33.treeview-listview",{"title":1561,"path":1562,"stem":1563},"Меню, Toolbar, ContextMenu, StatusBar","/csharp/desktop-ui/menus-toolbars","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/34.menus-toolbars",{"title":1565,"path":1566,"stem":1567},"Навігація та керування вікнами. Частина 1: вікна та сторінки","/csharp/desktop-ui/navigation-windows-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/35.navigation-windows-part1",{"title":1569,"path":1570,"stem":1571},"Навігація та керування вікнами. Частина 2: MVVM-навігація","/csharp/desktop-ui/navigation-windows-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/35.navigation-windows-part2",{"title":1573,"path":1574,"stem":1575},"Avalonia — Навігація та діалоги","/csharp/desktop-ui/35a.avalonia-navigation-dialogs","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/35a.avalonia-navigation-dialogs",{"title":1577,"path":1578,"stem":1579},"Діалоги та File Pickers у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/dialogs-file-pickers","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/36.dialogs-file-pickers",{"title":1581,"path":1582,"stem":1583},"UserControl: компонентний підхід у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/user-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/37.user-controls",{"title":1585,"path":1586,"stem":1587},"Custom Controls: Lookless Controls у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/custom-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/38.custom-controls",{"title":1589,"path":1590,"stem":1591},"Avalonia TemplatedControl — Lookless Controls","/csharp/desktop-ui/38a.avalonia-templated-controls","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/38a.avalonia-templated-controls",{"title":1593,"path":1594,"stem":1595},"Анімації у WPF: Storyboard та Easing Functions","/csharp/desktop-ui/animations-transitions","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/39.animations-transitions",{"title":1597,"path":1598,"stem":1599},"Анімації в Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/39a.avalonia-animations","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/39a.avalonia-animations",{"title":1601,"path":1602,"stem":1603},"2D Графіка та Мультимедіа у WPF","/csharp/desktop-ui/media-graphics","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/40.media-graphics",{"title":1605,"path":1606,"stem":1607},"Dependency Injection у WPF та Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/di-integration","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/41.di-integration",{"title":1609,"path":1610,"stem":1611},"SQLite та EF Core у десктопних додатках","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-persistence-part1","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/42.data-persistence-part1",{"title":1613,"path":1614,"stem":1615},"Repository Pattern та Unit of Work","/csharp/desktop-ui/data-persistence-part2","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/43.data-persistence-part2",{"title":1617,"path":1618,"stem":1619},"Тестування ViewModels","/csharp/desktop-ui/viewmodel-testing","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/44.viewmodel-testing",{"title":1621,"path":1622,"stem":1623},"Avalonia Headless Testing — тестування UI без вікон","/csharp/desktop-ui/44a.avalonia-headless-testing","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/44a.avalonia-headless-testing",{"title":1625,"path":1626,"stem":1627},"Кросплатформна розробка з Avalonia","/csharp/desktop-ui/avalonia-cross-platform","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/45.avalonia-cross-platform",{"title":1629,"path":1630,"stem":1631},"Пакування та розгортання Avalonia додатків","/csharp/desktop-ui/avalonia-packaging-deployment","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/46.avalonia-packaging-deployment",{"title":1633,"path":1634,"stem":1635},"Розгортання WPF застосунків","/csharp/desktop-ui/wpf-packaging-deployment","01.csharp/12.desktop-ui/47.wpf-packaging-deployment",{"title":1637,"path":1638,"stem":1639},"C# & .NET: The Ultimate Roadmap","/csharp/roadmap","01.csharp/roadmap",{"title":1641,"icon":1642,"path":1643,"stem":1644,"children":1645,"page":59},"C++","i-devicon-cplusplus","/cpp","02.cpp",[1646,1650,1654,1658,1662,1666,1670,1674,1678,1681,1685,1689,1693,1697,1701,1705,1709,1713,1717,1721,1725,1729,1733,1737,1741,1745,1749,1753,1757,1761],{"title":1647,"path":1648,"stem":1649},"Вступ у програмування та алгоритми","/cpp/intro-algorithms","02.cpp/01.intro-algorithms",{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653},"Code Style: угоди про оформлення коду","/cpp/code-style","02.cpp/02.code-style",{"title":1655,"path":1656,"stem":1657},"Середовище розробки та перший 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типу void","/cpp/void-pointers","02.cpp/20.void-pointers",{"title":1726,"path":1727,"stem":1728},"Вказівники на вказівники","/cpp/pointers-to-pointers","02.cpp/21.pointers-to-pointers",{"title":1730,"path":1731,"stem":1732},"Оператор доступу до членів через вказівник (->)","/cpp/member-access-operator","02.cpp/22.member-access-operator",{"title":1734,"path":1735,"stem":1736},"Цикл for-each (Range-based for)","/cpp/foreach-loop","02.cpp/23.foreach-loop",{"title":1738,"path":1739,"stem":1740},"Вказівники на функції","/cpp/function-pointers","02.cpp/24.function-pointers",{"title":1742,"path":1743,"stem":1744},"Лямбда-вирази","/cpp/lambdas","02.cpp/25.lambdas",{"title":1746,"path":1747,"stem":1748},"Лямбда-захоплення","/cpp/lambda-captures","02.cpp/26.lambda-captures",{"title":1750,"path":1751,"stem":1752},"Еліпсис","/cpp/ellipsis","02.cpp/27.ellipsis",{"title":1754,"path":1755,"stem":1756},"Аргументи командного рядка","/cpp/command-line-arguments","02.cpp/28.command-line-arguments",{"title":1758,"path":1759,"stem":1760},"Перерахування (enum)","/cpp/enum","02.cpp/29.enum",{"title":1762,"path":1763,"stem":1764},"План навчання: Курс C++ — Продовження (Статті 29–60+)","/cpp/curriculum-plan","02.cpp/curriculum-plan",{"title":1766,"icon":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769,"children":1770,"page":59},"JavaScript","i-devicon-javascript","/javascript","03.javascript",[1771,1797,1851,1873,2177,2215],{"title":1772,"icon":1773,"path":1774,"stem":1775,"children":1776,"page":59},"Events","i-lucide-mouse-pointer-click","/javascript/events","03.javascript/01.events",[1777,1781,1785,1789,1793],{"title":1778,"path":1779,"stem":1780},"Вступ до подій браузера","/javascript/events/intro","03.javascript/01.events/01.intro",{"title":1782,"path":1783,"stem":1784},"Бульбашковий механізм (Bubbling) та занурення (Capturing)","/javascript/events/bubbling-capturing","03.javascript/01.events/02.bubbling-capturing",{"title":1786,"path":1787,"stem":1788},"Делегування подій (Event Delegation)","/javascript/events/delegate-events","03.javascript/01.events/03.delegate-events",{"title":1790,"path":1791,"stem":1792},"Типові дії браузера та preventDefault()","/javascript/events/prevent-default","03.javascript/01.events/04.prevent-default",{"title":1794,"path":1795,"stem":1796},"Запуск користувацьких подій (Custom Events)","/javascript/events/custom-events","03.javascript/01.events/05.custom-events",{"title":1798,"icon":1799,"path":1800,"stem":1801,"children":1802,"page":59},"Network","i-lucide-globe","/javascript/network","03.javascript/02.network",[1803,1807,1811,1815,1819,1823,1827,1831,1835,1839,1843,1847],{"title":1804,"path":1805,"stem":1806},"Fetch API - Сучасний підхід до HTTP-запитів","/javascript/network/01-fetch-api","03.javascript/02.network/01-fetch-api",{"title":1808,"path":1809,"stem":1810},"FormData - Робота з формами та файлами","/javascript/network/02-formdata","03.javascript/02.network/02-formdata",{"title":1812,"path":1813,"stem":1814},"Відстеження прогресу завантаження","/javascript/network/03-download-progress","03.javascript/02.network/03-download-progress",{"title":1816,"path":1817,"stem":1818},"Переривання fetch-запитів","/javascript/network/04-abort-requests","03.javascript/02.network/04-abort-requests",{"title":1820,"path":1821,"stem":1822},"CORS - Запити між різними джерелами","/javascript/network/05-cors","03.javascript/02.network/05-cors",{"title":1824,"path":1825,"stem":1826},"Fetch API - Повний довідник опцій","/javascript/network/06-fetch-options","03.javascript/02.network/06-fetch-options",{"title":1828,"path":1829,"stem":1830},"URL Objects - Робота з посиланнями","/javascript/network/07-url-objects","03.javascript/02.network/07-url-objects",{"title":1832,"path":1833,"stem":1834},"XMLHttpRequest - AJAX та низькорівневі запити","/javascript/network/08-xmlhttprequest","03.javascript/02.network/08-xmlhttprequest",{"title":1836,"path":1837,"stem":1838},"Відновлюване завантаження файлів","/javascript/network/09-resumable-upload","03.javascript/02.network/09-resumable-upload",{"title":1840,"path":1841,"stem":1842},"Cookies, document.cookie та світ після \"Cookiepocalypse\"","/javascript/network/10-cookies","03.javascript/02.network/10-cookies",{"title":1844,"path":1845,"stem":1846},"js-cookie: Керування Cookies без Болю","/javascript/network/11-js-cookie","03.javascript/02.network/11-js-cookie",{"title":1848,"path":1849,"stem":1850},"Axios: Потужний HTTP-клієнт для JavaScript","/javascript/network/12-axios","03.javascript/02.network/12-axios",{"title":1852,"icon":1853,"path":1854,"stem":1855,"children":1856,"page":59},"Bom","i-lucide-monitor","/javascript/bom","03.javascript/03.bom",[1857,1861,1865,1869],{"title":1858,"path":1859,"stem":1860},"LocalStorage, SessionStorage та patterns збереження даних","/javascript/bom/01-localstorage","03.javascript/03.bom/01-localstorage",{"title":1862,"path":1863,"stem":1864},"Location Object - Керування адресою сторінки","/javascript/bom/02-location-object","03.javascript/03.bom/02-location-object",{"title":1866,"path":1867,"stem":1868},"History API - Керування історією браузера","/javascript/bom/03-history-api","03.javascript/03.bom/03-history-api",{"title":1870,"path":1871,"stem":1872},"Navigator Object - Ідентифікація та Можливості Пристрою","/javascript/bom/04-navigator-object","03.javascript/03.bom/04-navigator-object",{"title":1874,"icon":1875,"path":1876,"stem":1877,"children":1878},"React","i-devicon-react","/javascript/react","03.javascript/04.react/index",[1879,1880,1884,1888,1892,1896,1959,1994,2146],{"title":1874,"path":1876,"stem":1877},{"title":1881,"path":1882,"stem":1883},"Робота з Формами в React","/javascript/react/react-forms","03.javascript/04.react/01.react-forms",{"title":1885,"path":1886,"stem":1887},"React Hook Form: Професійна Робота з Формами","/javascript/react/react-hook-form","03.javascript/04.react/02.react-hook-form",{"title":1889,"path":1890,"stem":1891},"React Hook Form: Глибоке Розуміння Архітектури та Оптимізації","/javascript/react/react-hook-form-new","03.javascript/04.react/02.react-hook-form-new",{"title":1893,"path":1894,"stem":1895},"Axios та React: Професійна Архітектура Запитів","/javascript/react/data-fetching-axios","03.javascript/04.react/03.data-fetching-axios",{"title":1897,"icon":132,"path":1898,"stem":1899,"children":1900},"Tanstack Query","/javascript/react/tanstack-query","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/index",[1901,1903,1907,1911,1915,1919,1923,1927,1931,1935,1939,1943,1947,1951,1955],{"title":1902,"path":1898,"stem":1899},"TanStack Query: Майстерність Керування Станом Сервера",{"title":1904,"path":1905,"stem":1906},"Парадигма Server State: Чому useEffect недостатньо","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/server-state-paradigm","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/01.server-state-paradigm",{"title":1908,"path":1909,"stem":1910},"Встановлення та Налаштування: Фундамент","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/installation-and-devtools","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/02.installation-and-devtools",{"title":1912,"path":1913,"stem":1914},"Основи Запитів та Магія Ключів","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/query-basics-and-keys","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/03.query-basics-and-keys",{"title":1916,"path":1917,"stem":1918},"Синхронізація Даних: Життєвий Цикл Запиту","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/data-synchronization","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/04.data-synchronization",{"title":1920,"path":1921,"stem":1922},"Мутації та Інвалідація: Зміна Даних","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/mutations-and-invalidation","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/05.mutations-and-invalidation",{"title":1924,"path":1925,"stem":1926},"Оптимістичні Оновлення: Швидше за Світло","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/optimistic-updates","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/06.optimistic-updates",{"title":1928,"path":1929,"stem":1930},"Пагінація та Infinite Scroll","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/pagination-and-load-more","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/07.pagination-and-load-more",{"title":1932,"path":1933,"stem":1934},"Просунуті Патерни та Оптимізація","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/advanced-patterns","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/08.advanced-patterns",{"title":1936,"path":1937,"stem":1938},"Архітектура та Best Practices","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/architecture-and-best-practices","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/09.architecture-and-best-practices",{"title":1940,"path":1941,"stem":1942},"Server-Side Rendering (SSR) та Гідратація","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/server-side-rendering","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/10.server-side-rendering",{"title":1944,"path":1945,"stem":1946},"Стратегії Тестування","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/testing-strategies","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/11.testing-strategies",{"title":1948,"path":1949,"stem":1950},"Аутентифікація та Обробка Помилок","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/authentication-and-errors","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/12.authentication-and-errors",{"title":1952,"path":1953,"stem":1954},"React Suspense та Майбутнє","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/react-suspense","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/13.react-suspense",{"title":1956,"path":1957,"stem":1958},"Глибоке Занурення в Продуктивність","/javascript/react/tanstack-query/performance-deep-dive","03.javascript/04.react/04.tanstack-query/14.performance-deep-dive",{"title":1960,"icon":1875,"path":1961,"stem":1962,"children":1963},"React Router","/javascript/react/react-router","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/index",[1964,1966,1970,1974,1978,1982,1986,1990],{"title":1965,"path":1961,"stem":1962},"React Router: Навігаційна система сучасного вебу",{"title":1967,"path":1968,"stem":1969},"Налаштування та Базовий Роутинг","/javascript/react/react-router/setup-and-basic-routing","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/01.setup-and-basic-routing",{"title":1971,"path":1972,"stem":1973},"Динамічна Навігація","/javascript/react/react-router/navigation-and-links","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/02.navigation-and-links",{"title":1975,"path":1976,"stem":1977},"Вкладені Маршрути та Макети","/javascript/react/react-router/nested-routes-and-layouts","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/03.nested-routes-and-layouts",{"title":1979,"path":1980,"stem":1981},"Динамічні Маршрути та Параметри","/javascript/react/react-router/dynamic-routing","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/04.dynamic-routing",{"title":1983,"path":1984,"stem":1985},"Data APIs: Loaders та Actions","/javascript/react/react-router/data-loading","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/05.data-loading",{"title":1987,"path":1988,"stem":1989},"Просунуті Патерни","/javascript/react/react-router/advanced-patterns","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/06.advanced-patterns",{"title":1991,"path":1992,"stem":1993},"Legacy Routing: Компонентний підхід","/javascript/react/react-router/legacy-routing","03.javascript/04.react/05.react-router/07.legacy-routing",{"title":1995,"icon":132,"path":1996,"stem":1997,"children":1998},"Redux","/javascript/react/redux","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/index",[1999,2001,2017,2046,2055,2076,2092,2121],{"title":2000,"path":1996,"stem":1997},"Redux: Еволюція управління станом",{"title":14,"icon":15,"path":2002,"stem":2003,"children":2004,"page":59},"/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals",[2005,2009,2013],{"title":2006,"path":2007,"stem":2008},"Вступ до State Management","/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals/intro-state-management","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals/01.intro-state-management",{"title":2010,"path":2011,"stem":2012},"Філософія Redux та Три Принципи","/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals/redux-philosophy","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals/02.redux-philosophy",{"title":2014,"path":2015,"stem":2016},"Чисті функції та Іммутабельність","/javascript/react/redux/fundamentals/pure-functions-immutability","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/01.fundamentals/03.pure-functions-immutability",{"title":2018,"icon":132,"path":2019,"stem":2020,"children":2021,"page":59},"Classic Redux","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux",[2022,2026,2030,2034,2038,2042],{"title":2023,"path":2024,"stem":2025},"Створення Store (Classic Redux)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/store-setup","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/01.store-setup",{"title":2027,"path":2028,"stem":2029},"Actions, Constants та Action Creators","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/actions-constants","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/02.actions-constants",{"title":2031,"path":2032,"stem":2033},"Логіка Reducers","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/reducers","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/03.reducers",{"title":2035,"path":2036,"stem":2037},"Комбінування Reducers (Root Reducer)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/data-flow","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/04.data-flow",{"title":2039,"path":2040,"stem":2041},"Підключення до React (React-Redux)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/react-redux-connection","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/05.react-redux-connection",{"title":2043,"path":2044,"stem":2045},"Middleware та Асинхронність (Redux Thunk)","/javascript/react/redux/classic-redux/middleware-thunk","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/02.classic-redux/06.middleware-thunk",{"title":2047,"icon":132,"path":2048,"stem":2049,"children":2050,"page":59},"Transition To Rtk","/javascript/react/redux/transition-to-rtk","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/03.transition-to-rtk",[2051],{"title":2052,"path":2053,"stem":2054},"Проблеми класичного Redux","/javascript/react/redux/transition-to-rtk/problems-with-classic","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/03.transition-to-rtk/01.problems-with-classic",{"title":2056,"icon":132,"path":2057,"stem":2058,"children":2059,"page":59},"Redux Toolkit","/javascript/react/redux/redux-toolkit","03.javascript/04.react/06.redux/04.redux-toolkit",[2060,2064,2068,2072],{"title":2061,"path":2062,"stem":2063},"Налаштування Store з 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дружити","/java/pr2/impedance-mismatch","04.java/pr2/09.impedance-mismatch",{"title":2285,"path":2286,"stem":2287},"JDBC: Перший контакт із базою даних","/java/pr2/jdbc-fundamentals","04.java/pr2/10.jdbc-fundamentals",{"title":2289,"path":2290,"stem":2291},"Якість коду: Spotless, SpotBugs та SonarQube","/java/pr2/10a.code-quality","04.java/pr2/10a.code-quality",{"title":2293,"path":2294,"stem":2295},"Connection Pool: Патерн Object Pool для JDBC-з'єднань","/java/pr2/connection-pool","04.java/pr2/11.connection-pool",{"title":2297,"path":2298,"stem":2299},"Row Data Gateway: Об'єкт як обгортка рядка таблиці","/java/pr2/row-data-gateway","04.java/pr2/12.row-data-gateway",{"title":2301,"path":2302,"stem":2303},"Table Data Gateway: Фасад таблиці як архітектурний відступ","/java/pr2/table-data-gateway","04.java/pr2/13.table-data-gateway",{"title":2305,"path":2306,"stem":2307},"Repository + Data Mapper: Правильна шарова архітектура з JDBC","/java/pr2/repository-data-mapper","04.java/pr2/14.repository-data-mapper",{"title":2309,"path":2310,"stem":2311},"Identity Map: Кешування сутностей у рамках сесії","/java/pr2/identity-map","04.java/pr2/15.identity-map",{"title":2313,"path":2314,"stem":2315},"Unit of Work: Відстеження змін і координація JDBC-транзакцій","/java/pr2/unit-of-work","04.java/pr2/16.unit-of-work",{"title":2317,"path":2318,"stem":2319},"Strategy: Замінювані SQL-стратегії для підтримки різних СУБД","/java/pr2/strategy-sql","04.java/pr2/17.strategy-sql",{"title":2321,"path":2322,"stem":2323},"Proxy: Lazy Loading для One-To-Many колекцій","/java/pr2/proxy-lazy-loading","04.java/pr2/18.proxy-lazy-loading",{"title":2325,"path":2326,"stem":2327},"Generic Repository через Java Reflection: анотації та динамічний SQL","/java/pr2/generic-repository-reflection","04.java/pr2/19.generic-repository-reflection",{"title":2329,"path":2330,"stem":2331},"Specification Pattern: Композиція бізнес-правил для складних 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БД","/databases/intro/logical-schema","06.databases/01.intro/04.logical-schema",{"title":2381,"path":2382,"stem":2383},"Класифікація таблиць","/databases/intro/table-classification","06.databases/01.intro/05.table-classification",{"title":2385,"path":2386,"stem":2387},"PlantUML для баз даних","/databases/intro/plantuml-diagrams","06.databases/01.intro/06.plantuml-diagrams",{"title":2389,"icon":2354,"path":2390,"stem":2391,"children":2392,"page":59},"MS SQL Server Start","/databases/ms-sql-server-start","06.databases/02.ms-sql-server-start",[2393,2397,2403,2407],{"title":2394,"path":2395,"stem":2396},"Типи даних у MS SQL Server","/databases/ms-sql-server-start/data-types","06.databases/02.ms-sql-server-start/01.data-types",{"title":2398,"path":2399,"stem":2400,"children":2401},"Індекси у MS SQL 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TABLE)","/databases/sql/ddl-create-table","06.databases/03.sql/01.ddl-create-table",{"title":2425,"path":2426,"stem":2427},"DDL - Зміна та видалення таблиць (ALTER, DROP)","/databases/sql/ddl-alter-drop-table","06.databases/03.sql/02.ddl-alter-drop-table",{"title":2429,"path":2430,"stem":2431},"SELECT запити - Основи","/databases/sql/select-queries-fundamentals","06.databases/03.sql/03.select-queries-fundamentals",{"title":2433,"path":2434,"stem":2435},"SELECT запити - Розширені можливості","/databases/sql/select-queries-advanced","06.databases/03.sql/04.select-queries-advanced",{"title":2437,"path":2438,"stem":2439},"INSERT запити - Додавання даних","/databases/sql/insert-queries","06.databases/03.sql/05.insert-queries",{"title":2441,"path":2442,"stem":2443},"UPDATE та DELETE запити","/databases/sql/update-delete-queries","06.databases/03.sql/06.update-delete-queries",{"title":2445,"path":2446,"stem":2447},"Транзакції в SQL","/databases/sql/transactions","06.databases/03.sql/07.transactions",{"title":2449,"icon":2354,"path":2450,"stem":2451,"children":2452,"page":59},"Multi Table Databases","/databases/multi-table-databases","06.databases/04.multi-table-databases",[2453,2457,2461,2465,2469,2473],{"title":2454,"path":2455,"stem":2456},"Зв'язки та нормалізація БД","/databases/multi-table-databases/relationships-and-normalization","06.databases/04.multi-table-databases/00.relationships-and-normalization",{"title":2458,"path":2459,"stem":2460},"INNER JOIN - З'єднання таблиць","/databases/multi-table-databases/inner-join","06.databases/04.multi-table-databases/01.inner-join",{"title":2462,"path":2463,"stem":2464},"OUTER JOINs - LEFT, RIGHT, FULL","/databases/multi-table-databases/outer-joins","06.databases/04.multi-table-databases/02.outer-joins",{"title":2466,"path":2467,"stem":2468},"CROSS та SELF JOINs","/databases/multi-table-databases/cross-self-joins","06.databases/04.multi-table-databases/03.cross-self-joins",{"title":2470,"path":2471,"stem":2472},"Підзапити (Subqueries)","/databases/multi-table-databases/subqueries","06.databases/04.multi-table-databases/04.subqueries",{"title":2474,"path":2475,"stem":2476},"Агрегації з JOIN","/databases/multi-table-databases/aggregations-with-joins","06.databases/04.multi-table-databases/05.aggregations-with-joins",{"title":2478,"icon":2479,"path":2480,"stem":2481,"children":2482,"page":59},"Aggregate Functions","i-lucide-calculator","/databases/aggregate-functions","06.databases/05.aggregate-functions",[2483,2487,2491],{"title":2484,"path":2485,"stem":2486},"Функції агрегування в MS SQL Server","/databases/aggregate-functions/introduction-aggregate-functions","06.databases/05.aggregate-functions/01.introduction-aggregate-functions",{"title":2488,"path":2489,"stem":2490},"Групування даних в MS SQL Server","/databases/aggregate-functions/grouping-data","06.databases/05.aggregate-functions/02.grouping-data",{"title":2492,"path":2493,"stem":2494},"Підзапити з агрегатними функціями","/databases/aggregate-functions/subqueries-aggregates","06.databases/05.aggregate-functions/03.subqueries-aggregates",{"title":2496,"icon":2497,"path":2498,"stem":2499,"children":2500,"page":59},"Тригери та зберігаємі процедури","i-lucide-database-zap","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures",[2501,2505,2509,2513,2517,2521,2525],{"title":2502,"path":2503,"stem":2504},"DML-тригери","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/dml-triggers","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/01.dml-triggers",{"title":2506,"path":2507,"stem":2508},"DDL-тригери","/databases/triggers-stored-procedures/ddl-triggers","06.databases/07.triggers-stored-procedures/02.ddl-triggers",{"title":2510,"path":2511,"stem":2512},"Transact-SQL 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навіщо?","/tools/docker/docker-what-and-why","07.tools/01.docker/02.docker-what-and-why",{"title":2582,"path":2583,"stem":2584},"Архітектура Docker Engine","/tools/docker/docker-architecture","07.tools/01.docker/03.docker-architecture",{"title":2586,"path":2587,"stem":2588},"Встановлення Docker","/tools/docker/installation","07.tools/01.docker/04.installation",{"title":2590,"path":2591,"stem":2592},"Перший контейнер — docker run","/tools/docker/first-container","07.tools/01.docker/05.first-container",{"title":2594,"path":2595,"stem":2596},"Життєвий цикл контейнера","/tools/docker/container-lifecycle","07.tools/01.docker/06.container-lifecycle",{"title":2598,"path":2599,"stem":2600},"Docker Images — фундаментальні концепції","/tools/docker/docker-images-fundamentals","07.tools/01.docker/07.docker-images-fundamentals",{"title":2602,"path":2603,"stem":2604},"Dockerfile — основи","/tools/docker/dockerfile-basics","07.tools/01.docker/08.dockerfile-basics",{"title":2606,"path":2607,"stem":2608},"Dockerfile — просунуті техніки","/tools/docker/dockerfile-advanced","07.tools/01.docker/09.dockerfile-advanced",{"title":2610,"path":2611,"stem":2612},"Build Context та кешування шарів","/tools/docker/build-context-and-cache","07.tools/01.docker/10.build-context-and-cache",{"title":2614,"path":2615,"stem":2616},"Реєстри Docker-образів","/tools/docker/image-registries","07.tools/01.docker/11.image-registries",{"title":2618,"path":2619,"stem":2620},"Контейнеризація .NET додатків","/tools/docker/dotnet-containerization","07.tools/01.docker/12.dotnet-containerization",{"title":2622,"path":2623,"stem":2624},"Томи та збереження даних","/tools/docker/volumes-and-data","07.tools/01.docker/13.volumes-and-data",{"title":2626,"path":2627,"stem":2628},"Основи мережі в Docker","/tools/docker/networking-basics","07.tools/01.docker/14.networking-basics",{"title":2630,"path":2631,"stem":2632},"Змінні оточення та конфігурація","/tools/docker/environment-and-configuration","07.tools/01.docker/15.environment-and-configuration",{"title":2634,"path":2635,"stem":2636},"Docker Compose — оркестрація контейнерів","/tools/docker/docker-compose-basics","07.tools/01.docker/16.docker-compose-basics",{"title":2638,"path":2639,"stem":2640},"Docker Compose — Multi-Service застосунки","/tools/docker/compose-multi-service","07.tools/01.docker/17.compose-multi-service",{"title":2642,"icon":2643,"path":2644,"stem":2645,"children":2646,"page":59},"Software Engineering","i-lucide-code-2","/software-engineering","09.software-engineering",[2647,2651,2655,2659,2663,2667,2671,2675,2679,2683,2687],{"title":2648,"path":2649,"stem":2650},"1. 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Архітектурні Патерни","/ddd/architectural-patterns","10.ddd/08.architectural-patterns",{"title":2729,"path":2730,"stem":2731},"Глава 9. Патерни Взаємодії","/ddd/interaction-patterns","10.ddd/09.interaction-patterns",{"title":2733,"path":2734,"stem":2735},"Глава 10. Проектні Евристики","/ddd/design-heuristics","10.ddd/10.design-heuristics",{"title":2737,"path":2738,"stem":2739},"Глава 11. Еволюція Проектних Рішень","/ddd/evolution-of-design-decisions","10.ddd/11.evolution-of-design-decisions",{"title":2741,"path":2742,"stem":2743},"Глава 12. EventStorming","/ddd/event-storming","10.ddd/12.event-storming",{"title":2745,"path":2746,"stem":2747},"Глава 13. DDD на Практиці","/ddd/ddd-in-practice","10.ddd/13.ddd-in-practice",{"title":2749,"icon":2750,"path":2751,"stem":2752,"children":2753,"page":59},"Media Streaming","i-lucide-video","/media-streaming","11.media-streaming",[2754,2758,2762,2766,2770,2774,2778],{"title":2755,"path":2756,"stem":2757},"01. 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Селектори та специфічність","/html-css/css-intro-selectors","12.html-css/09.css-intro-selectors",{"title":2825,"path":2826,"stem":2827},"Блокова модель CSS. Відступи. Box Sizing","/html-css/css-box-model","12.html-css/10.css-box-model",{"title":2829,"path":2830,"stem":2831},"Розміри у CSS: повний довідник одиниць і ключових слів","/html-css/10a.css-sizing","12.html-css/10a.css-sizing",{"title":2833,"path":2834,"stem":2835},"Типографіка в CSS. Шрифти та текст","/html-css/css-typography","12.html-css/11.css-typography",{"title":2837,"path":2838,"stem":2839},"Кольори та фони в CSS","/html-css/css-colors-backgrounds","12.html-css/12.css-colors-backgrounds",{"title":2841,"path":2842,"stem":2843},"Тіні та фільтри в CSS","/html-css/12b.css-shadows-filters","12.html-css/12b.css-shadows-filters",{"title":2845,"path":2846,"stem":2847},"CSS Flexbox: Фундамент гнучких макетів","/html-css/css-flexbox-fundamentals","12.html-css/13.css-flexbox-fundamentals",{"title":2849,"path":2850,"stem":2851},"CSS Flexbox: Вирівнювання та Позиціонування","/html-css/css-flexbox-alignment-sizing-and-patterns","12.html-css/14.css-flexbox-alignment-sizing-and-patterns",{"title":2853,"path":2854,"stem":2855},"CSS Grid. Двовимірний макет. Частина 1","/html-css/css-layout-grid","12.html-css/15.css-layout-grid",{"title":2857,"path":2858,"stem":2859},"CSS Grid. Двовимірний макет. 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Сучасний CSS","/html-css/css-variables-methodologies","12.html-css/21.css-variables-methodologies",{"title":2881,"path":2882,"stem":2883},"Сучасний CSS 2023–2025: Нові можливості","/html-css/css-modern-features","12.html-css/22.css-modern-features",{"title":2885,"path":2886,"stem":2887},"CSS Nesting, @layer, @scope та @property: нативний препроцесор","/html-css/22a.css-nesting-modern-syntax","12.html-css/22a.css-nesting-modern-syntax",{"title":2889,"path":2890,"stem":2891},"CSS для форм та інтерактивних станів","/html-css/css-forms-interactive-states","12.html-css/23.css-forms-interactive-states",{"title":2893,"path":2894,"stem":2895},"Доступність у CSS (CSS Accessibility)","/html-css/css-accessibility","12.html-css/24.css-accessibility",{"title":2897,"path":2898,"stem":2899},"CSS-функції та сучасні sizing primitives","/html-css/css-functions-sizing","12.html-css/25.css-functions-sizing",{"title":2901,"path":2902,"stem":2903},"Rendering Pipeline і CSS Performance","/html-css/css-rendering-performance","12.html-css/26.css-rendering-performance",{"title":2905,"path":2906,"stem":2907},"CSS Best Practices: типові ситуації та правильні рішення","/html-css/css-best-practices","12.html-css/27.css-best-practices",{"title":2909,"path":2910,"stem":2911,"children":2912,"page":59},"Tailwind","/tailwind","21.tailwind",[2913,2917,2921,2925,2929,2933,2937,2941],{"title":2914,"path":2915,"stem":2916},"Що таке Tailwind CSS і навіщо він потрібен","/tailwind/tailwind-intro-philosophy","21.tailwind/01.tailwind-intro-philosophy",{"title":2918,"path":2919,"stem":2920},"Встановлення та налаштування Tailwind CSS v4","/tailwind/tailwind-installation-setup","21.tailwind/02.tailwind-installation-setup",{"title":2922,"path":2923,"stem":2924},"Utility-класи: основи та система Tailwind","/tailwind/tailwind-utility-classes-core","21.tailwind/03.tailwind-utility-classes-core",{"title":2926,"path":2927,"stem":2928},"Layout: Flexbox та Grid через Tailwind","/tailwind/tailwind-flexbox-grid","21.tailwind/04.tailwind-flexbox-grid",{"title":2930,"path":2931,"stem":2932},"Кастомізація теми через @theme у Tailwind v4","/tailwind/tailwind-theme-customization","21.tailwind/05.tailwind-theme-customization",{"title":2934,"path":2935,"stem":2936},"Варіанти: hover, focus, responsive, dark mode та нові v4","/tailwind/tailwind-variants-states","21.tailwind/06.tailwind-variants-states",{"title":2938,"path":2939,"stem":2940},"Типографіка та система кольорів у Tailwind v4","/tailwind/tailwind-typography-colors","21.tailwind/07.tailwind-typography-colors",{"title":2942,"path":2943,"stem":2944},"Компоненти та повторюваність: @apply, @utility та патерни","/tailwind/tailwind-components-patterns","21.tailwind/08.tailwind-components-patterns",{"title":2946,"path":2947,"stem":2948},"Showcase Компонентів kostyl.dev","/test-new-components","98.test-new-components",{"id":2950,"title":1750,"body":2951,"description":6546,"extension":6547,"links":6548,"meta":6549,"navigation":3220,"path":1751,"seo":6550,"stem":1752,"__hash__":6551},"docs/02.cpp/27.ellipsis.md",{"type":2952,"value":2953,"toc":6522},"minimark",[2954,2958,2963,2977,2980,3092,3104,3111,3130,3133,3137,3140,3148,3153,3185,3188,3276,3278,3293,3300,3371,3374,3776,3814,3819,3837,3857,3865,3884,3893,3895,3899,3906,3910,3916,4198,4222,4234,4236,4240,4251,4620,4654,4662,4664,4668,4689,5100,5132,5145,5150,5152,5156,5160,5163,5395,5431,5494,5500,5504,5510,5615,5618,5622,5631,5698,5716,5718,5722,5765,5767,5771,6014,6016,6020,6028,6430,6432,6436,6511,6518],[2955,2956,1750],"h1",{"id":2957},"еліпсис",[2959,2960,2962],"h2",{"id":2961},"ідея-функції-зі-змінною-кількістю-аргументів","Ідея: функції зі змінною кількістю аргументів",[2964,2965,2966,2967,2971,2972,2976],"p",{},"До цього моменту усі функції, що ми писали, мали фіксовану кількість параметрів. Навіть якщо деякі з них мали значення за замовчуванням — їх точна кількість визначалася при оголошенні. Але уявіть задачу: написати функцію ",[2968,2969,2970],"code",{},"findMax",", що знаходить максимум з ",[2973,2974,2975],"em",{},"будь-якої"," кількості переданих чисел — двох, трьох, десяти.",[2964,2978,2979],{},"Наївне рішення — зробити кілька перевантажень:",[2981,2982,2987],"pre",{"className":2983,"code":2984,"language":2985,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"language-cpp shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","int findMax(int a, int b);\nint findMax(int a, int b, int c);\nint findMax(int a, int b, int c, int d);\n// ... і т.д. до нескінченності\n","cpp","",[2968,2988,2989,3023,3051,3085],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,2991,2994,2998,3002,3006,3008,3012,3015,3017,3020],"span",{"class":2992,"line":2993},"line",1,[2990,2995,2997],{"class":2996},"su1O8","int",[2990,2999,3001],{"class":3000},"s8Opu"," findMax",[2990,3003,3005],{"class":3004},"sHH4Y","(",[2990,3007,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3009,3011],{"class":3010},"siwwj"," a",[2990,3013,3014],{"class":3004},", ",[2990,3016,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3018,3019],{"class":3010}," b",[2990,3021,3022],{"class":3004},");\n",[2990,3024,3026,3028,3030,3032,3034,3036,3038,3040,3042,3044,3046,3049],{"class":2992,"line":3025},2,[2990,3027,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3029,3001],{"class":3000},[2990,3031,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3033,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3035,3011],{"class":3010},[2990,3037,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3039,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3041,3019],{"class":3010},[2990,3043,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3045,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3047,3048],{"class":3010}," c",[2990,3050,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,3052,3054,3056,3058,3060,3062,3064,3066,3068,3070,3072,3074,3076,3078,3080,3083],{"class":2992,"line":3053},3,[2990,3055,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3057,3001],{"class":3000},[2990,3059,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3061,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3063,3011],{"class":3010},[2990,3065,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3067,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3069,3019],{"class":3010},[2990,3071,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3073,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3075,3048],{"class":3010},[2990,3077,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3079,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3081,3082],{"class":3010}," d",[2990,3084,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,3086,3088],{"class":2992,"line":3087},4,[2990,3089,3091],{"class":3090},"spJ8K","// ... і т.д. до нескінченності\n",[2964,3093,3094,3095,3099,3100,3103],{},"Це, очевидно, не масштабується. Саме для таких задач у C++ (успадкований з мови C) існує механізм ",[3096,3097,3098],"strong",{},"еліпсиса"," — три крапки ",[2968,3101,3102],{},"...",", що дозволяють передати довільну кількість аргументів.",[3105,3106,3107,3110],"note",{},[3096,3108,3109],{},"Передумови."," Розуміння вказівників, масивів і базового синтаксису функцій. Еліпсис — це успадкований з мови C механізм, тому він є частиною «низькорівневого» C++ і несе відповідні ризики.",[3112,3113,3114,3117,3118,3121,3122,3125,3126,3129],"warning",{},[3096,3115,3116],{},"Важливо наперед:"," еліпсис є ",[3096,3119,3120],{},"небезпечним"," механізмом і у сучасному C++ практично не використовується у новому коді. Проте він присутній у великій кількості старих C і C++ бібліотек (включно із самим ",[2968,3123,3124],{},"printf","), тому розуміти його необхідно. Ми вивчаємо його, щоб ",[3096,3127,3128],{},"читати"," існуючий код, а не писати новий.",[3131,3132],"hr",{},[2959,3134,3136],{"id":3135},"синтаксис-як-виглядає-функція-з-еліпсисом","Синтаксис: як виглядає функція з еліпсисом",[2964,3138,3139],{},"Загальна форма функції з еліпсисом:",[2981,3141,3146],{"className":3142,"code":3144,"language":3145},[3143],"language-text","тип_повернення ім'я_функції(обов'язкові_параметри, ...)\n","text",[2968,3147,3144],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2964,3149,3150],{},[3096,3151,3152],{},"Правила:",[3154,3155,3156,3167,3178],"ul",{},[3157,3158,3159,3160,3162,3163,3166],"li",{},"Еліпсис (",[2968,3161,3102],{},") завжди є ",[3096,3164,3165],{},"останнім"," параметром.",[3157,3168,3169,3170,3173,3174,3177],{},"До нього обов'язково має бути хоча б ",[3096,3171,3172],{},"один звичайний параметр"," — компілятор вимагає цього для роботи ",[2968,3175,3176],{},"va_start",".",[3157,3179,3180,3181,3184],{},"Аргументи за еліпсисом ",[3096,3182,3183],{},"не мають типів"," у сигнатурі — компілятор їх не перевіряє.",[2964,3186,3187],{},"Найпростіший приклад оголошення:",[2981,3189,3191],{"className":2983,"code":3190,"language":2985,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"// count — обов'язковий параметр; ... — решта аргументів\ndouble findAverage(int count, ...);\n\n// Перший — фіксований; ... — решта\nint findMax(int first, ...);\n\n// format — рядок-декодер; ... — дані\nvoid myPrint(const char* format, ...);\n",[2968,3192,3193,3198,3216,3222,3227,3243,3248,3254],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,3194,3195],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,3196,3197],{"class":3090},"// count — обов'язковий параметр; ... — решта аргументів\n",[2990,3199,3200,3203,3206,3208,3210,3213],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,3201,3202],{"class":2996},"double",[2990,3204,3205],{"class":3000}," findAverage",[2990,3207,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3209,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3211,3212],{"class":3010}," count",[2990,3214,3215],{"class":3004},", ...);\n",[2990,3217,3218],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,3219,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},true,"\n",[2990,3223,3224],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,3225,3226],{"class":3090},"// Перший — фіксований; ... — решта\n",[2990,3228,3230,3232,3234,3236,3238,3241],{"class":2992,"line":3229},5,[2990,3231,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3233,3001],{"class":3000},[2990,3235,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3237,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3239,3240],{"class":3010}," first",[2990,3242,3215],{"class":3004},[2990,3244,3246],{"class":2992,"line":3245},6,[2990,3247,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3249,3251],{"class":2992,"line":3250},7,[2990,3252,3253],{"class":3090},"// format — рядок-декодер; ... — дані\n",[2990,3255,3257,3260,3263,3265,3268,3271,3274],{"class":2992,"line":3256},8,[2990,3258,3259],{"class":2996},"void",[2990,3261,3262],{"class":3000}," myPrint",[2990,3264,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3266,3267],{"class":2996},"const",[2990,3269,3270],{"class":2996}," char*",[2990,3272,3273],{"class":3010}," format",[2990,3275,3215],{"class":3004},[3131,3277],{},[2959,3279,3281,3282,3014,3285,3014,3287,3014,3290],{"id":3280},"механізм-va_list-va_start-va_arg-va_end","Механізм: ",[2968,3283,3284],{},"va_list",[2968,3286,3176],{},[2968,3288,3289],{},"va_arg",[2968,3291,3292],{},"va_end",[2964,3294,3295,3296,3299],{},"Доступ до аргументів еліпсиса здійснюється через чотири макроси з заголовку ",[2968,3297,3298],{},"\u003Ccstdarg>",":",[3301,3302,3303,3316],"table",{},[3304,3305,3306],"thead",{},[3307,3308,3309,3313],"tr",{},[3310,3311,3312],"th",{},"Макрос",[3310,3314,3315],{},"Призначення",[3317,3318,3319,3330,3347,3361],"tbody",{},[3307,3320,3321,3327],{},[3322,3323,3324],"td",{},[2968,3325,3326],{},"va_list list",[3322,3328,3329],{},"Оголошення «вказівника» на список аргументів",[3307,3331,3332,3337],{},[3322,3333,3334],{},[2968,3335,3336],{},"va_start(list, lastParam)",[3322,3338,3339,3340,3343,3344],{},"Ініціалізація: вказати, що ",[2968,3341,3342],{},"list"," починається після ",[2968,3345,3346],{},"lastParam",[3307,3348,3349,3354],{},[3322,3350,3351],{},[2968,3352,3353],{},"va_arg(list, Type)",[3322,3355,3356,3357,3360],{},"Зчитати поточний аргумент як тип ",[2968,3358,3359],{},"Type"," і перейти до наступного",[3307,3362,3363,3368],{},[3322,3364,3365],{},[2968,3366,3367],{},"va_end(list)",[3322,3369,3370],{},"Очищення — обов'язково викликати перед виходом з функції",[2964,3372,3373],{},"Розглянемо покроково, як це працює на прикладі обчислення середнього арифметичного:",[2981,3375,3379],{"className":2983,"code":3376,"filename":3377,"language":2985,"meta":3378,"style":2986},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Ccstdarg>  // обов'язково для va_list та ін.\n\n// count — кількість аргументів, що підуть за ним в \"...\"\ndouble findAverage(int count, ...)\n{\n    double sum = 0;\n\n    // Крок 1: оголошуємо va_list — \"вказівник\" на список змінних аргументів\n    va_list list;\n\n    // Крок 2: ініціалізуємо va_list\n    // Перший аргумент — наш va_list\n    // Другий аргумент — ОСТАННІЙ ЗВИЧАЙНИЙ параметр (перед \"...\")\n    va_start(list, count);\n\n    // Крок 3: зчитуємо аргументи по одному\n    for (int i = 0; i \u003C count; ++i)\n    {\n        // va_arg зчитує поточний аргумент як тип int і переходить до наступного\n        sum += va_arg(list, int);\n    }\n\n    // Крок 4: ОБОВ'ЯЗКОВЕ очищення\n    va_end(list);\n\n    return sum / count;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(3, 10, 20, 30)     \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 20\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)  \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 3\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(2, 100, 200)        \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 150\n\n    return 0;\n}\n","FindAverage.cpp","showLineNumbers",[2968,3380,3381,3391,3401,3405,3410,3425,3430,3445,3449,3455,3461,3466,3472,3478,3484,3493,3498,3504,3523,3529,3535,3550,3556,3561,3567,3576,3581,3590,3596,3601,3612,3617,3668,3719,3756,3761,3771],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,3382,3383,3387],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,3384,3386],{"class":3385},"sCDza","#include",[2990,3388,3390],{"class":3389},"sbdoH"," \u003Ciostream>\n",[2990,3392,3393,3395,3398],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,3394,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,3396,3397],{"class":3389}," \u003Ccstdarg>",[2990,3399,3400],{"class":3090},"  // обов'язково для va_list та ін.\n",[2990,3402,3403],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,3404,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3406,3407],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,3408,3409],{"class":3090},"// count — кількість аргументів, що підуть за ним в \"...\"\n",[2990,3411,3412,3414,3416,3418,3420,3422],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,3413,3202],{"class":2996},[2990,3415,3205],{"class":3000},[2990,3417,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3419,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3421,3212],{"class":3010},[2990,3423,3424],{"class":3004},", ...)\n",[2990,3426,3427],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,3428,3429],{"class":3004},"{\n",[2990,3431,3432,3435,3438,3442],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,3433,3434],{"class":2996},"    double",[2990,3436,3437],{"class":3004}," sum = ",[2990,3439,3441],{"class":3440},"sJj4R","0",[2990,3443,3444],{"class":3004},";\n",[2990,3446,3447],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,3448,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3450,3452],{"class":2992,"line":3451},9,[2990,3453,3454],{"class":3090},"    // Крок 1: оголошуємо va_list — \"вказівник\" на список змінних аргументів\n",[2990,3456,3458],{"class":2992,"line":3457},10,[2990,3459,3460],{"class":3004},"    va_list list;\n",[2990,3462,3464],{"class":2992,"line":3463},11,[2990,3465,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3467,3469],{"class":2992,"line":3468},12,[2990,3470,3471],{"class":3090},"    // Крок 2: ініціалізуємо va_list\n",[2990,3473,3475],{"class":2992,"line":3474},13,[2990,3476,3477],{"class":3090},"    // Перший аргумент — наш va_list\n",[2990,3479,3481],{"class":2992,"line":3480},14,[2990,3482,3483],{"class":3090},"    // Другий аргумент — ОСТАННІЙ ЗВИЧАЙНИЙ параметр (перед \"...\")\n",[2990,3485,3487,3490],{"class":2992,"line":3486},15,[2990,3488,3489],{"class":3000},"    va_start",[2990,3491,3492],{"class":3004},"(list, count);\n",[2990,3494,3496],{"class":2992,"line":3495},16,[2990,3497,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3499,3501],{"class":2992,"line":3500},17,[2990,3502,3503],{"class":3090},"    // Крок 3: зчитуємо аргументи по одному\n",[2990,3505,3507,3510,3513,3515,3518,3520],{"class":2992,"line":3506},18,[2990,3508,3509],{"class":3385},"    for",[2990,3511,3512],{"class":3004}," (",[2990,3514,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3516,3517],{"class":3004}," i = ",[2990,3519,3441],{"class":3440},[2990,3521,3522],{"class":3004},"; i \u003C count; ++i)\n",[2990,3524,3526],{"class":2992,"line":3525},19,[2990,3527,3528],{"class":3004},"    {\n",[2990,3530,3532],{"class":2992,"line":3531},20,[2990,3533,3534],{"class":3090},"        // va_arg зчитує поточний аргумент як тип int і переходить до наступного\n",[2990,3536,3538,3541,3543,3546,3548],{"class":2992,"line":3537},21,[2990,3539,3540],{"class":3004},"        sum += ",[2990,3542,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,3544,3545],{"class":3004},"(list, ",[2990,3547,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3549,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,3551,3553],{"class":2992,"line":3552},22,[2990,3554,3555],{"class":3004},"    }\n",[2990,3557,3559],{"class":2992,"line":3558},23,[2990,3560,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3562,3564],{"class":2992,"line":3563},24,[2990,3565,3566],{"class":3090},"    // Крок 4: ОБОВ'ЯЗКОВЕ очищення\n",[2990,3568,3570,3573],{"class":2992,"line":3569},25,[2990,3571,3572],{"class":3000},"    va_end",[2990,3574,3575],{"class":3004},"(list);\n",[2990,3577,3579],{"class":2992,"line":3578},26,[2990,3580,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3582,3584,3587],{"class":2992,"line":3583},27,[2990,3585,3586],{"class":3385},"    return",[2990,3588,3589],{"class":3004}," sum / count;\n",[2990,3591,3593],{"class":2992,"line":3592},28,[2990,3594,3595],{"class":3004},"}\n",[2990,3597,3599],{"class":2992,"line":3598},29,[2990,3600,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3602,3604,3606,3609],{"class":2992,"line":3603},30,[2990,3605,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3607,3608],{"class":3000}," main",[2990,3610,3611],{"class":3004},"()\n",[2990,3613,3615],{"class":2992,"line":3614},31,[2990,3616,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,3618,3620,3624,3627,3630,3632,3635,3637,3640,3642,3645,3647,3650,3653,3656,3660,3662,3665],{"class":2992,"line":3619},32,[2990,3621,3623],{"class":3622},"sN1BT","    std",[2990,3625,3626],{"class":3004},"::cout \u003C\u003C ",[2990,3628,3629],{"class":3000},"findAverage",[2990,3631,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3633,3634],{"class":3440},"3",[2990,3636,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3638,3639],{"class":3440},"10",[2990,3641,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3643,3644],{"class":3440},"20",[2990,3646,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3648,3649],{"class":3440},"30",[2990,3651,3652],{"class":3004},")     \u003C\u003C ",[2990,3654,3655],{"class":3389},"'",[2990,3657,3659],{"class":3658},"sjcCO","\\n",[2990,3661,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,3663,3664],{"class":3004},";",[2990,3666,3667],{"class":3090}," // 20\n",[2990,3669,3671,3673,3675,3677,3679,3682,3684,3687,3689,3692,3694,3696,3698,3701,3703,3705,3708,3710,3712,3714,3716],{"class":2992,"line":3670},33,[2990,3672,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,3674,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,3676,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,3678,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3680,3681],{"class":3440},"5",[2990,3683,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3685,3686],{"class":3440},"1",[2990,3688,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3690,3691],{"class":3440},"2",[2990,3693,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3695,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,3697,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3699,3700],{"class":3440},"4",[2990,3702,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3704,3681],{"class":3440},[2990,3706,3707],{"class":3004},")  \u003C\u003C ",[2990,3709,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,3711,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,3713,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,3715,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,3717,3718],{"class":3090}," // 3\n",[2990,3720,3722,3724,3726,3728,3730,3732,3734,3737,3739,3742,3745,3747,3749,3751,3753],{"class":2992,"line":3721},34,[2990,3723,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,3725,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,3727,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,3729,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3731,3691],{"class":3440},[2990,3733,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3735,3736],{"class":3440},"100",[2990,3738,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,3740,3741],{"class":3440},"200",[2990,3743,3744],{"class":3004},")        \u003C\u003C ",[2990,3746,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,3748,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,3750,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,3752,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,3754,3755],{"class":3090}," // 150\n",[2990,3757,3759],{"class":2992,"line":3758},35,[2990,3760,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3762,3764,3766,3769],{"class":2992,"line":3763},36,[2990,3765,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,3767,3768],{"class":3440}," 0",[2990,3770,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,3772,3774],{"class":2992,"line":3773},37,[2990,3775,3595],{"class":3004},[3777,3778,3780,3794,3801,3807],"terminal-preview",{"title":3779},"./FindAverage",[3781,3782,3784,3789,3790],"div",{"className":3783},[2992],[2990,3785,3788],{"className":3786},[3787],"opacity-40","$"," ",[3096,3791,3779],{"className":3792},[3793],"font-bold",[3781,3795,3797],{"className":3796},[2992],[2990,3798,3644],{"className":3799},[3800],"text-blue-400",[3781,3802,3804],{"className":3803},[2992],[2990,3805,3634],{"className":3806},[3800],[3781,3808,3810],{"className":3809},[2992],[2990,3811,3813],{"className":3812},[3800],"150",[3815,3816,3818],"h3",{"id":3817},"детальний-розбір-кожного-кроку","Детальний розбір кожного кроку",[2964,3820,3821,3827,3828,3830,3831,3833,3834,3836],{},[3096,3822,3823,3824],{},"Рядок 10. ",[2968,3825,3826],{},"va_list list;"," — оголошення об'єкту типу ",[2968,3829,3284],{},". Технічно ",[2968,3832,3284],{}," — це тип, що описує стек аргументів функції. Його можна уявити як «вказівник всередину пам'яті стеку», що вказує на поточний аргумент. Імʼя ",[2968,3835,3342],{}," — довільне, але загальноприйняте.",[2964,3838,3839,3845,3846,3849,3850,3853,3854,3856],{},[3096,3840,3841,3842],{},"Рядок 15. ",[2968,3843,3844],{},"va_start(list, count);"," — ініціалізація. Другий аргумент ",[2968,3847,3848],{},"count"," — це ",[3096,3851,3852],{},"ім'я останнього звичайного параметра"," функції (перед ",[2968,3855,3102],{},"). Компілятор за допомогою адреси цього параметра знаходить початок «прихованих» аргументів на стеку.",[3112,3858,3859,3860,3862,3863,3177],{},"Якщо другий аргумент ",[2968,3861,3176],{}," не є останнім звичайним параметром, поведінка невизначена. Потрібно завжди вказувати саме той параметр, що стоїть безпосередньо перед ",[2968,3864,3102],{},[2964,3866,3867,3873,3874,3876,3877,3880,3881,3883],{},[3096,3868,3869,3870],{},"Рядок 22. ",[2968,3871,3872],{},"va_arg(list, int);"," — зчитування одного аргументу. Перший параметр — наш ",[2968,3875,3284],{},", другий — ",[3096,3878,3879],{},"тип",", до якого треба перетворити поточний аргумент. Після виклику ",[2968,3882,3284],{}," «просувається» до наступного аргументу — це не просто зчитування, це й ітерація.",[2964,3885,3886,3892],{},[3096,3887,3888,3889],{},"Рядок 25. ",[2968,3890,3891],{},"va_end(list);"," — обов'язкове очищення. На більшості платформ це просто маркерна операція, але стандарт вимагає її виклику. Без неї — невизначена поведінка при виході з функції.",[3131,3894],{},[2959,3896,3898],{"id":3897},"три-способи-відстеження-кількості-аргументів","Три способи відстеження кількості аргументів",[2964,3900,3901,3902,3905],{},"Ключова проблема еліпсиса: сама функція ",[3096,3903,3904],{},"не знає",", скільки аргументів було передано. Стандарт C++ пропонує три підходи до вирішення цієї проблеми — і кожен має свої недоліки.",[3815,3907,3909],{"id":3908},"спосіб-1-параметр-кількість","Спосіб 1: параметр-кількість",[2964,3911,3912,3913,3177],{},"Передаємо кількість аргументів явно як перший параметр. Це найпоширеніший підхід — власне, так ми зробили вище з ",[2968,3914,3915],{},"findAverage(int count, ...)",[2981,3917,3920],{"className":2983,"code":3918,"filename":3919,"language":2985,"meta":3378,"style":2986},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Ccstdarg>\n\nint findMax(int count, ...)\n{\n    va_list list;\n    va_start(list, count);\n\n    int maxVal = va_arg(list, int); // читаємо перший як початкове максимальне\n\n    for (int i = 1; i \u003C count; ++i)\n    {\n        int current = va_arg(list, int);\n        if (current > maxVal)\n            maxVal = current;\n    }\n\n    va_end(list);\n    return maxVal;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findMax(4, 7, 2, 15, 3)  \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 15\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findMax(3, 100, 50, 200) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 200\n\n    // ❌ Помилка програміста: count=4, але передано лише 3 числа\n    // std::cout \u003C\u003C findMax(4, 7, 2, 15) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // UB: читаємо 4-й аргумент зі сміття стеку\n\n    return 0;\n}\n","Method1Count.cpp",[2968,3921,3922,3928,3935,3939,3953,3957,3961,3967,3971,3991,3995,4009,4013,4029,4037,4042,4046,4050,4056,4063,4067,4071,4079,4083,4126,4165,4169,4174,4182,4186,4194],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,3923,3924,3926],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,3925,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,3927,3390],{"class":3389},[2990,3929,3930,3932],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,3931,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,3933,3934],{"class":3389}," \u003Ccstdarg>\n",[2990,3936,3937],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,3938,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3940,3941,3943,3945,3947,3949,3951],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,3942,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3944,3001],{"class":3000},[2990,3946,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,3948,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3950,3212],{"class":3010},[2990,3952,3424],{"class":3004},[2990,3954,3955],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,3956,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,3958,3959],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,3960,3460],{"class":3004},[2990,3962,3963,3965],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,3964,3489],{"class":3000},[2990,3966,3492],{"class":3004},[2990,3968,3969],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,3970,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3972,3973,3976,3979,3981,3983,3985,3988],{"class":2992,"line":3451},[2990,3974,3975],{"class":2996},"    int",[2990,3977,3978],{"class":3004}," maxVal = ",[2990,3980,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,3982,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,3984,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,3986,3987],{"class":3004},");",[2990,3989,3990],{"class":3090}," // читаємо перший як початкове максимальне\n",[2990,3992,3993],{"class":2992,"line":3457},[2990,3994,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,3996,3997,3999,4001,4003,4005,4007],{"class":2992,"line":3463},[2990,3998,3509],{"class":3385},[2990,4000,3512],{"class":3004},[2990,4002,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4004,3517],{"class":3004},[2990,4006,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4008,3522],{"class":3004},[2990,4010,4011],{"class":2992,"line":3468},[2990,4012,3528],{"class":3004},[2990,4014,4015,4018,4021,4023,4025,4027],{"class":2992,"line":3474},[2990,4016,4017],{"class":2996},"        int",[2990,4019,4020],{"class":3004}," current = ",[2990,4022,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,4024,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,4026,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4028,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,4030,4031,4034],{"class":2992,"line":3480},[2990,4032,4033],{"class":3385},"        if",[2990,4035,4036],{"class":3004}," (current > maxVal)\n",[2990,4038,4039],{"class":2992,"line":3486},[2990,4040,4041],{"class":3004},"            maxVal = current;\n",[2990,4043,4044],{"class":2992,"line":3495},[2990,4045,3555],{"class":3004},[2990,4047,4048],{"class":2992,"line":3500},[2990,4049,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4051,4052,4054],{"class":2992,"line":3506},[2990,4053,3572],{"class":3000},[2990,4055,3575],{"class":3004},[2990,4057,4058,4060],{"class":2992,"line":3525},[2990,4059,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,4061,4062],{"class":3004}," maxVal;\n",[2990,4064,4065],{"class":2992,"line":3531},[2990,4066,3595],{"class":3004},[2990,4068,4069],{"class":2992,"line":3537},[2990,4070,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4072,4073,4075,4077],{"class":2992,"line":3552},[2990,4074,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4076,3608],{"class":3000},[2990,4078,3611],{"class":3004},[2990,4080,4081],{"class":2992,"line":3558},[2990,4082,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,4084,4085,4087,4089,4091,4093,4095,4097,4100,4102,4104,4106,4109,4111,4113,4115,4117,4119,4121,4123],{"class":2992,"line":3563},[2990,4086,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4088,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,4090,2970],{"class":3000},[2990,4092,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4094,3700],{"class":3440},[2990,4096,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4098,4099],{"class":3440},"7",[2990,4101,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4103,3691],{"class":3440},[2990,4105,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4107,4108],{"class":3440},"15",[2990,4110,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4112,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,4114,3707],{"class":3004},[2990,4116,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4118,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,4120,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4122,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,4124,4125],{"class":3090}," // 15\n",[2990,4127,4128,4130,4132,4134,4136,4138,4140,4142,4144,4147,4149,4151,4154,4156,4158,4160,4162],{"class":2992,"line":3569},[2990,4129,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4131,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,4133,2970],{"class":3000},[2990,4135,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4137,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,4139,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4141,3736],{"class":3440},[2990,4143,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4145,4146],{"class":3440},"50",[2990,4148,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4150,3741],{"class":3440},[2990,4152,4153],{"class":3004},") \u003C\u003C ",[2990,4155,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4157,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,4159,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4161,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,4163,4164],{"class":3090}," // 200\n",[2990,4166,4167],{"class":2992,"line":3578},[2990,4168,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4170,4171],{"class":2992,"line":3583},[2990,4172,4173],{"class":3090},"    // ❌ Помилка програміста: count=4, але передано лише 3 числа\n",[2990,4175,4176,4179],{"class":2992,"line":3592},[2990,4177,4178],{"class":3090},"    // std::cout \u003C\u003C findMax(4, 7, 2, 15) \u003C\u003C '\\n';",[2990,4180,4181],{"class":3090}," // UB: читаємо 4-й аргумент зі сміття стеку\n",[2990,4183,4184],{"class":2992,"line":3598},[2990,4185,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4187,4188,4190,4192],{"class":2992,"line":3603},[2990,4189,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,4191,3768],{"class":3440},[2990,4193,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,4195,4196],{"class":2992,"line":3614},[2990,4197,3595],{"class":3004},[3777,4199,4201,4210,4216],{"title":4200},"./Method1Count",[3781,4202,4204,3789,4207],{"className":4203},[2992],[2990,4205,3788],{"className":4206},[3787],[3096,4208,4200],{"className":4209},[3793],[3781,4211,4213],{"className":4212},[2992],[2990,4214,4108],{"className":4215},[3800],[3781,4217,4219],{"className":4218},[2992],[2990,4220,3741],{"className":4221},[3800],[2964,4223,4224,4227,4228,4230,4231,3177],{},[3096,4225,4226],{},"Недолік:"," якщо ",[2968,4229,3848],{}," не відповідає реальній кількості аргументів — читаємо зі стеку сміття або пропускаємо аргументи. Компілятор про це ",[3096,4232,4233],{},"не попередить",[3131,4235],{},[3815,4237,4239],{"id":4238},"спосіб-2-контрольне-значення-sentinel","Спосіб 2: контрольне значення (sentinel)",[2964,4241,4242,4243,4246,4247,4250],{},"Замість лічильника — спеціальне «фінальне» значення (sentinel), що сигналізує про кінець списку. Наприклад, ",[2968,4244,4245],{},"-1"," для списків невід'ємних цілих або ",[2968,4248,4249],{},"nullptr"," для списків вказівників.",[2981,4252,4255],{"className":2983,"code":4253,"filename":4254,"language":2985,"meta":3378,"style":2986},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Ccstdarg>\n\n// Суммує числа до тих пір, поки не побачить -1\n// first — перше число (обов'язковий параметр), решта — в еліпсисі\nint sumUntilSentinel(int first, ...)\n{\n    int total = first; // перше число обробляємо окремо\n    int count = 1;\n\n    va_list list;\n    va_start(list, first);\n\n    while (true)\n    {\n        int current = va_arg(list, int);\n\n        if (current == -1) // контрольне значення — зупиняємось\n            break;\n\n        total += current;\n        ++count;\n    }\n\n    va_end(list);\n\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C \"(sum of \" \u003C\u003C count \u003C\u003C \" numbers) \";\n    return total;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumUntilSentinel(1, 2, 3, 4, -1)    \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 10\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumUntilSentinel(10, 20, 30, -1)    \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 60\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumUntilSentinel(5, -1)             \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 5 (лише одне число)\n\n    // ❌ Забули -1 в кінці — нескінченний цикл + UB:\n    // std::cout \u003C\u003C sumUntilSentinel(1, 2, 3) \u003C\u003C '\\n';\n\n    return 0;\n}\n","Method2Sentinel.cpp",[2968,4256,4257,4263,4269,4273,4278,4283,4298,4302,4312,4323,4327,4331,4338,4342,4355,4359,4373,4377,4392,4399,4403,4408,4413,4417,4421,4427,4431,4448,4455,4459,4463,4471,4475,4519,4556,4586,4590,4595,4601,4606,4615],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,4258,4259,4261],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,4260,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,4262,3390],{"class":3389},[2990,4264,4265,4267],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,4266,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,4268,3934],{"class":3389},[2990,4270,4271],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,4272,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4274,4275],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,4276,4277],{"class":3090},"// Суммує числа до тих пір, поки не побачить -1\n",[2990,4279,4280],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,4281,4282],{"class":3090},"// first — перше число (обов'язковий параметр), решта — в еліпсисі\n",[2990,4284,4285,4287,4290,4292,4294,4296],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,4286,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4288,4289],{"class":3000}," sumUntilSentinel",[2990,4291,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4293,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4295,3240],{"class":3010},[2990,4297,3424],{"class":3004},[2990,4299,4300],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,4301,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,4303,4304,4306,4309],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,4305,3975],{"class":2996},[2990,4307,4308],{"class":3004}," total = first;",[2990,4310,4311],{"class":3090}," // перше число обробляємо окремо\n",[2990,4313,4314,4316,4319,4321],{"class":2992,"line":3451},[2990,4315,3975],{"class":2996},[2990,4317,4318],{"class":3004}," count = ",[2990,4320,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4322,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,4324,4325],{"class":2992,"line":3457},[2990,4326,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4328,4329],{"class":2992,"line":3463},[2990,4330,3460],{"class":3004},[2990,4332,4333,4335],{"class":2992,"line":3468},[2990,4334,3489],{"class":3000},[2990,4336,4337],{"class":3004},"(list, first);\n",[2990,4339,4340],{"class":2992,"line":3474},[2990,4341,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4343,4344,4347,4349,4352],{"class":2992,"line":3480},[2990,4345,4346],{"class":3385},"    while",[2990,4348,3512],{"class":3004},[2990,4350,4351],{"class":2996},"true",[2990,4353,4354],{"class":3004},")\n",[2990,4356,4357],{"class":2992,"line":3486},[2990,4358,3528],{"class":3004},[2990,4360,4361,4363,4365,4367,4369,4371],{"class":2992,"line":3495},[2990,4362,4017],{"class":2996},[2990,4364,4020],{"class":3004},[2990,4366,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,4368,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,4370,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4372,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,4374,4375],{"class":2992,"line":3500},[2990,4376,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4378,4379,4381,4384,4386,4389],{"class":2992,"line":3506},[2990,4380,4033],{"class":3385},[2990,4382,4383],{"class":3004}," (current == -",[2990,4385,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4387,4388],{"class":3004},")",[2990,4390,4391],{"class":3090}," // контрольне значення — зупиняємось\n",[2990,4393,4394,4397],{"class":2992,"line":3525},[2990,4395,4396],{"class":3385},"            break",[2990,4398,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,4400,4401],{"class":2992,"line":3531},[2990,4402,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4404,4405],{"class":2992,"line":3537},[2990,4406,4407],{"class":3004},"        total += current;\n",[2990,4409,4410],{"class":2992,"line":3552},[2990,4411,4412],{"class":3004},"        ++count;\n",[2990,4414,4415],{"class":2992,"line":3558},[2990,4416,3555],{"class":3004},[2990,4418,4419],{"class":2992,"line":3563},[2990,4420,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4422,4423,4425],{"class":2992,"line":3569},[2990,4424,3572],{"class":3000},[2990,4426,3575],{"class":3004},[2990,4428,4429],{"class":2992,"line":3578},[2990,4430,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4432,4433,4435,4437,4440,4443,4446],{"class":2992,"line":3583},[2990,4434,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4436,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,4438,4439],{"class":3389},"\"(sum of \"",[2990,4441,4442],{"class":3004}," \u003C\u003C count \u003C\u003C ",[2990,4444,4445],{"class":3389},"\" numbers) \"",[2990,4447,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,4449,4450,4452],{"class":2992,"line":3592},[2990,4451,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,4453,4454],{"class":3004}," total;\n",[2990,4456,4457],{"class":2992,"line":3598},[2990,4458,3595],{"class":3004},[2990,4460,4461],{"class":2992,"line":3603},[2990,4462,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4464,4465,4467,4469],{"class":2992,"line":3614},[2990,4466,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4468,3608],{"class":3000},[2990,4470,3611],{"class":3004},[2990,4472,4473],{"class":2992,"line":3619},[2990,4474,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,4476,4477,4479,4481,4484,4486,4488,4490,4492,4494,4496,4498,4500,4503,4505,4508,4510,4512,4514,4516],{"class":2992,"line":3670},[2990,4478,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4480,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,4482,4483],{"class":3000},"sumUntilSentinel",[2990,4485,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4487,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4489,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4491,3691],{"class":3440},[2990,4493,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4495,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,4497,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4499,3700],{"class":3440},[2990,4501,4502],{"class":3004},", -",[2990,4504,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4506,4507],{"class":3004},")    \u003C\u003C ",[2990,4509,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4511,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,4513,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4515,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,4517,4518],{"class":3090}," // 10\n",[2990,4520,4521,4523,4525,4527,4529,4531,4533,4535,4537,4539,4541,4543,4545,4547,4549,4551,4553],{"class":2992,"line":3721},[2990,4522,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4524,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,4526,4483],{"class":3000},[2990,4528,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4530,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,4532,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4534,3644],{"class":3440},[2990,4536,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4538,3649],{"class":3440},[2990,4540,4502],{"class":3004},[2990,4542,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4544,4507],{"class":3004},[2990,4546,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4548,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,4550,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4552,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,4554,4555],{"class":3090}," // 60\n",[2990,4557,4558,4560,4562,4564,4566,4568,4570,4572,4575,4577,4579,4581,4583],{"class":2992,"line":3758},[2990,4559,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4561,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,4563,4483],{"class":3000},[2990,4565,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4567,3681],{"class":3440},[2990,4569,4502],{"class":3004},[2990,4571,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4573,4574],{"class":3004},")             \u003C\u003C ",[2990,4576,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4578,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,4580,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4582,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,4584,4585],{"class":3090}," // 5 (лише одне число)\n",[2990,4587,4588],{"class":2992,"line":3763},[2990,4589,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4591,4592],{"class":2992,"line":3773},[2990,4593,4594],{"class":3090},"    // ❌ Забули -1 в кінці — нескінченний цикл + UB:\n",[2990,4596,4598],{"class":2992,"line":4597},38,[2990,4599,4600],{"class":3090},"    // std::cout \u003C\u003C sumUntilSentinel(1, 2, 3) \u003C\u003C '\\n';\n",[2990,4602,4604],{"class":2992,"line":4603},39,[2990,4605,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4607,4609,4611,4613],{"class":2992,"line":4608},40,[2990,4610,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,4612,3768],{"class":3440},[2990,4614,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,4616,4618],{"class":2992,"line":4617},41,[2990,4619,3595],{"class":3004},[3777,4621,4623,4632,4639,4647],{"title":4622},"./Method2Sentinel",[3781,4624,4626,3789,4629],{"className":4625},[2992],[2990,4627,3788],{"className":4628},[3787],[3096,4630,4622],{"className":4631},[3793],[3781,4633,4635,4636],{"className":4634},[2992],"(sum of 4 numbers) ",[2990,4637,3639],{"className":4638},[3800],[3781,4640,4642,4643],{"className":4641},[2992],"(sum of 3 numbers) ",[2990,4644,4646],{"className":4645},[3800],"60",[3781,4648,4650,4651],{"className":4649},[2992],"(sum of 1 numbers) ",[2990,4652,3681],{"className":4653},[3800],[2964,4655,4656,4658,4659,4661],{},[3096,4657,4226],{}," якщо забути передати sentinel — цикл продовжується, читаючи зі стеку сміття, аж до UB або збою. Sentinel-значення не може бути водночас валідним аргументом (якщо ",[2968,4660,4245],{}," є контрольним, то ніяке від'ємне число не можна передати).",[3131,4663],{},[3815,4665,4667],{"id":4666},"спосіб-3-рядок-формат-format-string","Спосіб 3: рядок-формат (format string)",[2964,4669,4670,4671,4673,4674,4677,4678,3014,4680,4677,4683,3014,4685,4688],{},"Передаємо рядок, де кожен символ вказує тип чергового аргументу. Саме так влаштована стандартна функція ",[2968,4672,3124],{},": ",[2968,4675,4676],{},"%d"," для ",[2968,4679,2997],{},[2968,4681,4682],{},"%f",[2968,4684,3202],{},[2968,4686,4687],{},"%s"," для рядка і т.д.",[2981,4690,4693],{"className":2983,"code":4691,"filename":4692,"language":2985,"meta":3378,"style":2986},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Ccstdarg>\n\n// fmt — рядок-декодер: 'i' = int, 'd' = double\n// повертає суму всіх чисел (незалежно від типу)\ndouble sumMixed(const char* fmt, ...)\n{\n    va_list list;\n    va_start(list, fmt);\n\n    double total = 0;\n    int index = 0;\n\n    while (fmt[index] != '\\0') // проходимо по рядку-форматі\n    {\n        if (fmt[index] == 'i')\n        {\n            total += va_arg(list, int);\n        }\n        else if (fmt[index] == 'd')\n        {\n            total += va_arg(list, double);\n        }\n        // інші символи — ігноруємо або помилка\n        ++index;\n    }\n\n    va_end(list);\n    return total;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    // \"iii\" — три int\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumMixed(\"iii\", 1, 2, 3) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 6\n\n    // \"iidi\" — int, int, double, int\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumMixed(\"iidi\", 10, 20, 3.5, 5) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 38.5\n\n    // \"dd\" — два double\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumMixed(\"dd\", 1.5, 2.5) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 4\n\n    return 0;\n}\n","Method3Format.cpp",[2968,4694,4695,4701,4707,4711,4716,4721,4739,4743,4747,4754,4758,4769,4780,4784,4808,4812,4828,4833,4846,4851,4870,4874,4886,4890,4895,4900,4904,4908,4914,4920,4924,4928,4936,4940,4945,4984,4988,4993,5036,5040,5045,5081,5086,5095],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,4696,4697,4699],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,4698,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,4700,3390],{"class":3389},[2990,4702,4703,4705],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,4704,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,4706,3934],{"class":3389},[2990,4708,4709],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,4710,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4712,4713],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,4714,4715],{"class":3090},"// fmt — рядок-декодер: 'i' = int, 'd' = double\n",[2990,4717,4718],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,4719,4720],{"class":3090},"// повертає суму всіх чисел (незалежно від типу)\n",[2990,4722,4723,4725,4728,4730,4732,4734,4737],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,4724,3202],{"class":2996},[2990,4726,4727],{"class":3000}," sumMixed",[2990,4729,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4731,3267],{"class":2996},[2990,4733,3270],{"class":2996},[2990,4735,4736],{"class":3010}," fmt",[2990,4738,3424],{"class":3004},[2990,4740,4741],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,4742,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,4744,4745],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,4746,3460],{"class":3004},[2990,4748,4749,4751],{"class":2992,"line":3451},[2990,4750,3489],{"class":3000},[2990,4752,4753],{"class":3004},"(list, fmt);\n",[2990,4755,4756],{"class":2992,"line":3457},[2990,4757,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4759,4760,4762,4765,4767],{"class":2992,"line":3463},[2990,4761,3434],{"class":2996},[2990,4763,4764],{"class":3004}," total = ",[2990,4766,3441],{"class":3440},[2990,4768,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,4770,4771,4773,4776,4778],{"class":2992,"line":3468},[2990,4772,3975],{"class":2996},[2990,4774,4775],{"class":3004}," index = ",[2990,4777,3441],{"class":3440},[2990,4779,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,4781,4782],{"class":2992,"line":3474},[2990,4783,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4785,4786,4788,4790,4793,4796,4798,4801,4803,4805],{"class":2992,"line":3480},[2990,4787,4346],{"class":3385},[2990,4789,3512],{"class":3004},[2990,4791,4792],{"class":3010},"fmt",[2990,4794,4795],{"class":3004},"[index] != ",[2990,4797,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4799,4800],{"class":3658},"\\0",[2990,4802,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4804,4388],{"class":3004},[2990,4806,4807],{"class":3090}," // проходимо по рядку-форматі\n",[2990,4809,4810],{"class":2992,"line":3486},[2990,4811,3528],{"class":3004},[2990,4813,4814,4816,4818,4820,4823,4826],{"class":2992,"line":3495},[2990,4815,4033],{"class":3385},[2990,4817,3512],{"class":3004},[2990,4819,4792],{"class":3010},[2990,4821,4822],{"class":3004},"[index] == ",[2990,4824,4825],{"class":3389},"'i'",[2990,4827,4354],{"class":3004},[2990,4829,4830],{"class":2992,"line":3500},[2990,4831,4832],{"class":3004},"        {\n",[2990,4834,4835,4838,4840,4842,4844],{"class":2992,"line":3506},[2990,4836,4837],{"class":3004},"            total += ",[2990,4839,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,4841,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,4843,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4845,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,4847,4848],{"class":2992,"line":3525},[2990,4849,4850],{"class":3004},"        }\n",[2990,4852,4853,4856,4859,4861,4863,4865,4868],{"class":2992,"line":3531},[2990,4854,4855],{"class":3385},"        else",[2990,4857,4858],{"class":3385}," if",[2990,4860,3512],{"class":3004},[2990,4862,4792],{"class":3010},[2990,4864,4822],{"class":3004},[2990,4866,4867],{"class":3389},"'d'",[2990,4869,4354],{"class":3004},[2990,4871,4872],{"class":2992,"line":3537},[2990,4873,4832],{"class":3004},[2990,4875,4876,4878,4880,4882,4884],{"class":2992,"line":3552},[2990,4877,4837],{"class":3004},[2990,4879,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,4881,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,4883,3202],{"class":2996},[2990,4885,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,4887,4888],{"class":2992,"line":3558},[2990,4889,4850],{"class":3004},[2990,4891,4892],{"class":2992,"line":3563},[2990,4893,4894],{"class":3090},"        // інші символи — ігноруємо або помилка\n",[2990,4896,4897],{"class":2992,"line":3569},[2990,4898,4899],{"class":3004},"        ++index;\n",[2990,4901,4902],{"class":2992,"line":3578},[2990,4903,3555],{"class":3004},[2990,4905,4906],{"class":2992,"line":3583},[2990,4907,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4909,4910,4912],{"class":2992,"line":3592},[2990,4911,3572],{"class":3000},[2990,4913,3575],{"class":3004},[2990,4915,4916,4918],{"class":2992,"line":3598},[2990,4917,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,4919,4454],{"class":3004},[2990,4921,4922],{"class":2992,"line":3603},[2990,4923,3595],{"class":3004},[2990,4925,4926],{"class":2992,"line":3614},[2990,4927,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4929,4930,4932,4934],{"class":2992,"line":3619},[2990,4931,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,4933,3608],{"class":3000},[2990,4935,3611],{"class":3004},[2990,4937,4938],{"class":2992,"line":3670},[2990,4939,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,4941,4942],{"class":2992,"line":3721},[2990,4943,4944],{"class":3090},"    // \"iii\" — три int\n",[2990,4946,4947,4949,4951,4954,4956,4959,4961,4963,4965,4967,4969,4971,4973,4975,4977,4979,4981],{"class":2992,"line":3758},[2990,4948,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4950,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,4952,4953],{"class":3000},"sumMixed",[2990,4955,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,4957,4958],{"class":3389},"\"iii\"",[2990,4960,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4962,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,4964,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4966,3691],{"class":3440},[2990,4968,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,4970,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,4972,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,4974,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4976,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,4978,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,4980,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,4982,4983],{"class":3090}," // 6\n",[2990,4985,4986],{"class":2992,"line":3763},[2990,4987,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,4989,4990],{"class":2992,"line":3773},[2990,4991,4992],{"class":3090},"    // \"iidi\" — int, int, double, int\n",[2990,4994,4995,4997,4999,5001,5003,5006,5008,5010,5012,5014,5016,5019,5021,5023,5025,5027,5029,5031,5033],{"class":2992,"line":4597},[2990,4996,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,4998,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,5000,4953],{"class":3000},[2990,5002,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5004,5005],{"class":3389},"\"iidi\"",[2990,5007,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5009,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,5011,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5013,3644],{"class":3440},[2990,5015,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5017,5018],{"class":3440},"3.5",[2990,5020,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5022,3681],{"class":3440},[2990,5024,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,5026,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5028,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,5030,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5032,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,5034,5035],{"class":3090}," // 38.5\n",[2990,5037,5038],{"class":2992,"line":4603},[2990,5039,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5041,5042],{"class":2992,"line":4608},[2990,5043,5044],{"class":3090},"    // \"dd\" — два double\n",[2990,5046,5047,5049,5051,5053,5055,5058,5060,5063,5065,5068,5070,5072,5074,5076,5078],{"class":2992,"line":4617},[2990,5048,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,5050,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,5052,4953],{"class":3000},[2990,5054,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5056,5057],{"class":3389},"\"dd\"",[2990,5059,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5061,5062],{"class":3440},"1.5",[2990,5064,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5066,5067],{"class":3440},"2.5",[2990,5069,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,5071,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5073,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,5075,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5077,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,5079,5080],{"class":3090}," // 4\n",[2990,5082,5084],{"class":2992,"line":5083},42,[2990,5085,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5087,5089,5091,5093],{"class":2992,"line":5088},43,[2990,5090,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,5092,3768],{"class":3440},[2990,5094,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,5096,5098],{"class":2992,"line":5097},44,[2990,5099,3595],{"class":3004},[3777,5101,5103,5112,5119,5126],{"title":5102},"./Method3Format",[3781,5104,5106,3789,5109],{"className":5105},[2992],[2990,5107,3788],{"className":5108},[3787],[3096,5110,5102],{"className":5111},[3793],[3781,5113,5115],{"className":5114},[2992],[2990,5116,5118],{"className":5117},[3800],"6",[3781,5120,5122],{"className":5121},[2992],[2990,5123,5125],{"className":5124},[3800],"38.5",[3781,5127,5129],{"className":5128},[2992],[2990,5130,3700],{"className":5131},[3800],[2964,5133,5134,3789,5137,5140,5141,5144],{},[3096,5135,5136],{},"Рядок 15.",[2968,5138,5139],{},"while (fmt[index] != '\\0')"," — рядок у C/C++ завжди завершується нуль-символом ",[2968,5142,5143],{},"'\\0'",". Ми читаємо символ за символом, поки не натрапимо на нього — це природна «зупинка», яка не потребує окремого лічильника.",[2964,5146,5147,5149],{},[3096,5148,4226],{}," якщо кількість або типи аргументів не збігаються з форматним рядком — UB. Ніякої перевірки під час компіляції немає.",[3131,5151],{},[2959,5153,5155],{"id":5154},"чому-еліпсис-небезпечний-детальний-розбір","Чому еліпсис небезпечний: детальний розбір",[3815,5157,5159],{"id":5158},"небезпека-1-відсутність-перевірки-типів","Небезпека 1: відсутність перевірки типів",[2964,5161,5162],{},"Розглянемо найпростішу пастку:",[2981,5164,5167],{"className":2983,"code":5165,"filename":5166,"language":2985,"meta":3378,"style":2986},"#include \u003Ciostream>\n#include \u003Ccstdarg>\n\ndouble findAverage(int count, ...)\n{\n    double sum = 0;\n    va_list list;\n    va_start(list, count);\n\n    for (int i = 0; i \u003C count; ++i)\n        sum += va_arg(list, int); // очікуємо лише int\n\n    va_end(list);\n    return sum / count;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    // ✅ Нормально: усі аргументи — int\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(3, 10, 20, 30) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 20\n\n    // ❌ НЕБЕЗПЕЧНО: передаємо double замість int\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(3, 10, 2.5, 30) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // UB: сміття!\n\n    return 0;\n}\n","TypeMismatch.cpp",[2968,5168,5169,5175,5181,5185,5199,5203,5213,5217,5223,5227,5241,5256,5260,5266,5272,5276,5280,5288,5292,5297,5333,5337,5342,5379,5383,5391],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,5170,5171,5173],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,5172,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,5174,3390],{"class":3389},[2990,5176,5177,5179],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,5178,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,5180,3934],{"class":3389},[2990,5182,5183],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,5184,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5186,5187,5189,5191,5193,5195,5197],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,5188,3202],{"class":2996},[2990,5190,3205],{"class":3000},[2990,5192,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5194,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5196,3212],{"class":3010},[2990,5198,3424],{"class":3004},[2990,5200,5201],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,5202,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,5204,5205,5207,5209,5211],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,5206,3434],{"class":2996},[2990,5208,3437],{"class":3004},[2990,5210,3441],{"class":3440},[2990,5212,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,5214,5215],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,5216,3460],{"class":3004},[2990,5218,5219,5221],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,5220,3489],{"class":3000},[2990,5222,3492],{"class":3004},[2990,5224,5225],{"class":2992,"line":3451},[2990,5226,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5228,5229,5231,5233,5235,5237,5239],{"class":2992,"line":3457},[2990,5230,3509],{"class":3385},[2990,5232,3512],{"class":3004},[2990,5234,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5236,3517],{"class":3004},[2990,5238,3441],{"class":3440},[2990,5240,3522],{"class":3004},[2990,5242,5243,5245,5247,5249,5251,5253],{"class":2992,"line":3463},[2990,5244,3540],{"class":3004},[2990,5246,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,5248,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,5250,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5252,3987],{"class":3004},[2990,5254,5255],{"class":3090}," // очікуємо лише int\n",[2990,5257,5258],{"class":2992,"line":3468},[2990,5259,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5261,5262,5264],{"class":2992,"line":3474},[2990,5263,3572],{"class":3000},[2990,5265,3575],{"class":3004},[2990,5267,5268,5270],{"class":2992,"line":3480},[2990,5269,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,5271,3589],{"class":3004},[2990,5273,5274],{"class":2992,"line":3486},[2990,5275,3595],{"class":3004},[2990,5277,5278],{"class":2992,"line":3495},[2990,5279,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5281,5282,5284,5286],{"class":2992,"line":3500},[2990,5283,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5285,3608],{"class":3000},[2990,5287,3611],{"class":3004},[2990,5289,5290],{"class":2992,"line":3506},[2990,5291,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,5293,5294],{"class":2992,"line":3525},[2990,5295,5296],{"class":3090},"    // ✅ Нормально: усі аргументи — int\n",[2990,5298,5299,5301,5303,5305,5307,5309,5311,5313,5315,5317,5319,5321,5323,5325,5327,5329,5331],{"class":2992,"line":3531},[2990,5300,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,5302,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,5304,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,5306,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5308,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,5310,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5312,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,5314,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5316,3644],{"class":3440},[2990,5318,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5320,3649],{"class":3440},[2990,5322,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,5324,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5326,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,5328,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5330,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,5332,3667],{"class":3090},[2990,5334,5335],{"class":2992,"line":3537},[2990,5336,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5338,5339],{"class":2992,"line":3552},[2990,5340,5341],{"class":3090},"    // ❌ НЕБЕЗПЕЧНО: передаємо double замість int\n",[2990,5343,5344,5346,5348,5350,5352,5354,5356,5358,5360,5362,5364,5366,5368,5370,5372,5374,5376],{"class":2992,"line":3558},[2990,5345,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,5347,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,5349,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,5351,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5353,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,5355,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5357,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,5359,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5361,5067],{"class":3440},[2990,5363,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5365,3649],{"class":3440},[2990,5367,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,5369,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5371,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,5373,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5375,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,5377,5378],{"class":3090}," // UB: сміття!\n",[2990,5380,5381],{"class":2992,"line":3563},[2990,5382,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5384,5385,5387,5389],{"class":2992,"line":3569},[2990,5386,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,5388,3768],{"class":3440},[2990,5390,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,5392,5393],{"class":2992,"line":3578},[2990,5394,3595],{"class":3004},[2964,5396,5397,5398,5400,5401,5403,5404,5406,5407,5410,5411,5413,5414,5417,5418,5421,5422,5424,5425,5427,5428,5430],{},"Що відбувається при передачі ",[2968,5399,5067],{}," замість ",[2968,5402,2997],{},"? ",[2968,5405,3202],{}," займає ",[3096,5408,5409],{},"8 байт",", а ",[2968,5412,2997],{}," — ",[3096,5415,5416],{},"4 байти",". ",[2968,5419,5420],{},"va_arg(list, int)"," читає лише перші 4 байти репрезентації числа ",[2968,5423,5067],{}," і трактує їх як ",[2968,5426,2997],{},". Решту 4 байтів буде прочитано при наступному виклику ",[2968,5429,3289],{}," — що зіпсує наступний аргумент.",[5432,5433,5434],"mermaid",{},[2981,5435,5438],{"className":5436,"code":5437,"language":5432,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"language-mermaid shiki shiki-themes light-plus dark-plus dark-plus","graph TD\n    A[\"Пам'ять стеку: [10:int 4B] [2.5:double 8B] [30:int 4B]\"]\n    A --> B[\"va_arg(list, int) #1: читає 4B → 10 ✅\"]\n    B --> C[\"va_arg(list, int) #2: читає 4B (перша половина 2.5) → сміття ❌\"]\n    C --> D[\"va_arg(list, int) #3: читає 4B (друга половина 2.5) → сміття ❌\"]\n    D --> E[\"30 взагалі не прочитане — залишається на стеку\"]\n\n    style B fill:#22c55e,color:#fff\n    style C fill:#ef4444,color:#fff\n    style D fill:#ef4444,color:#fff\n    style E fill:#ef4444,color:#fff\n",[2968,5439,5440,5445,5450,5455,5460,5465,5470,5474,5479,5484,5489],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,5441,5442],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,5443,5444],{},"graph TD\n",[2990,5446,5447],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,5448,5449],{},"    A[\"Пам'ять стеку: [10:int 4B] [2.5:double 8B] [30:int 4B]\"]\n",[2990,5451,5452],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,5453,5454],{},"    A --> B[\"va_arg(list, int) #1: читає 4B → 10 ✅\"]\n",[2990,5456,5457],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,5458,5459],{},"    B --> C[\"va_arg(list, int) #2: читає 4B (перша половина 2.5) → сміття ❌\"]\n",[2990,5461,5462],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,5463,5464],{},"    C --> D[\"va_arg(list, int) #3: читає 4B (друга половина 2.5) → сміття ❌\"]\n",[2990,5466,5467],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,5468,5469],{},"    D --> E[\"30 взагалі не прочитане — залишається на стеку\"]\n",[2990,5471,5472],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,5473,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5475,5476],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,5477,5478],{},"    style B fill:#22c55e,color:#fff\n",[2990,5480,5481],{"class":2992,"line":3451},[2990,5482,5483],{},"    style C fill:#ef4444,color:#fff\n",[2990,5485,5486],{"class":2992,"line":3457},[2990,5487,5488],{},"    style D fill:#ef4444,color:#fff\n",[2990,5490,5491],{"class":2992,"line":3463},[2990,5492,5493],{},"    style E fill:#ef4444,color:#fff\n",[2964,5495,5496,5499],{},[3096,5497,5498],{},"Компілятор не попередить"," про невідповідність типів — він просто передасть байти у стек. Уся відповідальність за типову правильність лежить на програмісті.",[3815,5501,5503],{"id":5502},"небезпека-2-невідповідність-кількості-аргументів","Небезпека 2: невідповідність кількості аргументів",[2964,5505,5506,5507,5509],{},"Якщо ",[2968,5508,3848],{}," більший за реальну кількість аргументів — читаємо зі стеку сміття:",[2981,5511,5514],{"className":2983,"code":5512,"filename":5513,"language":2985,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"// ❌ count=4, але передано лише 3 числа\nstd::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(4, 10, 20, 30) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // читає \"30\" + next stack garbage\n// Можливий вивід: 23.5 (або будь-що)\n\n// ❌ count=2, але передано 4 числа — зайві ігноруються без попередження\nstd::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(2, 10, 20, 30, 40) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // виводить 15 — 30 і 40 ігноруються\n","CountMismatch.cpp",[2968,5515,5516,5521,5559,5564,5568,5573],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,5517,5518],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,5519,5520],{"class":3090},"// ❌ count=4, але передано лише 3 числа\n",[2990,5522,5523,5526,5528,5530,5532,5534,5536,5538,5540,5542,5544,5546,5548,5550,5552,5554,5556],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,5524,5525],{"class":3622},"std",[2990,5527,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,5529,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,5531,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5533,3700],{"class":3440},[2990,5535,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5537,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,5539,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5541,3644],{"class":3440},[2990,5543,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5545,3649],{"class":3440},[2990,5547,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,5549,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5551,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,5553,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5555,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,5557,5558],{"class":3090}," // читає \"30\" + next stack garbage\n",[2990,5560,5561],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,5562,5563],{"class":3090},"// Можливий вивід: 23.5 (або будь-що)\n",[2990,5565,5566],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,5567,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5569,5570],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,5571,5572],{"class":3090},"// ❌ count=2, але передано 4 числа — зайві ігноруються без попередження\n",[2990,5574,5575,5577,5579,5581,5583,5585,5587,5589,5591,5593,5595,5597,5599,5602,5604,5606,5608,5610,5612],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,5576,5525],{"class":3622},[2990,5578,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,5580,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,5582,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5584,3691],{"class":3440},[2990,5586,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5588,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,5590,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5592,3644],{"class":3440},[2990,5594,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5596,3649],{"class":3440},[2990,5598,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5600,5601],{"class":3440},"40",[2990,5603,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,5605,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5607,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,5609,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5611,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,5613,5614],{"class":3090}," // виводить 15 — 30 і 40 ігноруються\n",[2964,5616,5617],{},"У першому випадку четвертим «аргументом» стане довільне значення зі стеку. У другому — функція відпрацює «правильно», але тихо проігнорує два аргументи. Жоден із цих випадків не є помилкою компіляції.",[3815,5619,5621],{"id":5620},"небезпека-3-проблема-малих-типів","Небезпека 3: проблема малих типів",[2964,5623,5624,5625,5627,5628,5630],{},"У більшості компіляторів ",[2968,5626,3289],{}," не підтримує типи менші за ",[2968,5629,2997],{},". Тому:",[2981,5632,5634],{"className":2983,"code":5633,"language":2985,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"// ❌ UB: char менший за int в контексті va_arg\nchar ch = va_arg(list, char);  // НЕБЕЗПЕЧНО\n\n// ✅ Правильно: отримати int і перетворити в char\nchar ch = static_cast\u003Cchar>(va_arg(list, int)); // безпечно\n",[2968,5635,5636,5641,5660,5664,5669],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,5637,5638],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,5639,5640],{"class":3090},"// ❌ UB: char менший за int в контексті va_arg\n",[2990,5642,5643,5646,5649,5651,5653,5655,5657],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,5644,5645],{"class":2996},"char",[2990,5647,5648],{"class":3004}," ch = ",[2990,5650,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,5652,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,5654,5645],{"class":2996},[2990,5656,3987],{"class":3004},[2990,5658,5659],{"class":3090},"  // НЕБЕЗПЕЧНО\n",[2990,5661,5662],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,5663,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5665,5666],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,5667,5668],{"class":3090},"// ✅ Правильно: отримати int і перетворити в char\n",[2990,5670,5671,5673,5675,5678,5681,5683,5686,5688,5690,5692,5695],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,5672,5645],{"class":2996},[2990,5674,5648],{"class":3004},[2990,5676,5677],{"class":2996},"static_cast",[2990,5679,5680],{"class":3004},"\u003C",[2990,5682,5645],{"class":2996},[2990,5684,5685],{"class":3004},">(",[2990,5687,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,5689,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,5691,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5693,5694],{"class":3004},"));",[2990,5696,5697],{"class":3090}," // безпечно\n",[2964,5699,5700,5701,5703,5704,3789,5707,5710,5711,5713,5714,3177],{},"Аргументи типу ",[2968,5702,5645],{}," і ",[2968,5705,5706],{},"short",[3096,5708,5709],{},"автоматично просуваються"," до ",[2968,5712,2997],{}," при передачі через еліпсис — такі правила мовного стандарту. Тому й зчитувати їх потрібно як ",[2968,5715,2997],{},[3131,5717],{},[2959,5719,5721],{"id":5720},"зведення-всі-небезпеки-еліпсиса","Зведення: всі небезпеки еліпсиса",[5723,5724,5725,5736,5740,5761],"card-group",{},[5726,5727,5730,5731,5400,5733,5735],"card",{"icon":5728,"title":5729},"i-heroicons-x-circle","Немає перевірки типів","Компілятор ніяк не перевіряє типи аргументів. Передати ",[2968,5732,3202],{},[2968,5734,2997],{}," — тихе UB. Читаємо «сміттєві» байти без жодного попередження.",[5726,5737,5739],{"icon":5728,"title":5738},"Немає перевірки кількості","Функція не знає, скільки аргументів насправді передано. Будь-який механізм відстеження (кількість, sentinel, формат) реалізується вручну і є потенційним джерелом помилок.",[5726,5741,5744,3014,5746,3014,5748,5751,5752,5754,5755,5757,5758,5760],{"icon":5742,"title":5743},"i-heroicons-exclamation-triangle","Малі типи просуваються",[2968,5745,5645],{},[2968,5747,5706],{},[2968,5749,5750],{},"float"," автоматично просуваються до ",[2968,5753,2997],{},"/",[2968,5756,3202],{},". Зчитувати їх потрібно через більший тип + ",[2968,5759,5677],{},". Забув — UB.",[5726,5762,5764],{"icon":5728,"title":5763},"Не працює з об'єктами C++","Передача об'єктів класів у еліпсис є невизначеною поведінкою, якщо клас має нетривіальний конструктор копіювання або деструктор. Еліпсис — механізм чистого C.",[3131,5766],{},[2959,5768,5770],{"id":5769},"рекомендації-та-сучасні-альтернативи","Рекомендації та сучасні альтернативи",[5772,5773,5774,5783,5945,5958,5967],"accordion",{},[5775,5776,5779,5780,5782],"accordion-item",{"icon":5777,"label":5778},"i-lucide-circle-help","Порада 1: уникайте еліпсиса у новому коді","Якщо можливо — не використовуйте ",[2968,5781,3102],{}," в новому C++ коді взагалі. Практично завжди є безпечніша альтернатива, яка зберігає перевірку типів під час компіляції.",[5775,5784,5786,5791,5942],{"icon":5777,"label":5785},"Порада 2: масив замість еліпсиса",[2964,5787,5788,5789,3299],{},"Найпростіша заміна еліпсиса — передача масиву з кількістю елементів. Компілятор перевіряє тип, ніякого ",[2968,5790,3289],{},[2981,5792,5794],{"className":2983,"code":5793,"language":2985,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"// Замість: double findAverage(int count, ...)\n// Краще:\ndouble findAverage(int* numbers, int count)\n{\n    double sum = 0;\n    for (int i = 0; i \u003C count; ++i)\n        sum += numbers[i];\n    return sum / count;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    int nums[] = { 10, 20, 30 };\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(nums, 3) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // 20 — з перевіркою типів!\n}\n",[2968,5795,5796,5801,5806,5828,5832,5842,5856,5866,5872,5876,5880,5888,5892,5912,5938],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,5797,5798],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,5799,5800],{"class":3090},"// Замість: double findAverage(int count, ...)\n",[2990,5802,5803],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,5804,5805],{"class":3090},"// Краще:\n",[2990,5807,5808,5810,5812,5814,5817,5820,5822,5824,5826],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,5809,3202],{"class":2996},[2990,5811,3205],{"class":3000},[2990,5813,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,5815,5816],{"class":2996},"int*",[2990,5818,5819],{"class":3010}," numbers",[2990,5821,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5823,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5825,3212],{"class":3010},[2990,5827,4354],{"class":3004},[2990,5829,5830],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,5831,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,5833,5834,5836,5838,5840],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,5835,3434],{"class":2996},[2990,5837,3437],{"class":3004},[2990,5839,3441],{"class":3440},[2990,5841,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,5843,5844,5846,5848,5850,5852,5854],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,5845,3509],{"class":3385},[2990,5847,3512],{"class":3004},[2990,5849,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5851,3517],{"class":3004},[2990,5853,3441],{"class":3440},[2990,5855,3522],{"class":3004},[2990,5857,5858,5860,5863],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,5859,3540],{"class":3004},[2990,5861,5862],{"class":3010},"numbers",[2990,5864,5865],{"class":3004},"[i];\n",[2990,5867,5868,5870],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,5869,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,5871,3589],{"class":3004},[2990,5873,5874],{"class":2992,"line":3451},[2990,5875,3595],{"class":3004},[2990,5877,5878],{"class":2992,"line":3457},[2990,5879,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,5881,5882,5884,5886],{"class":2992,"line":3463},[2990,5883,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,5885,3608],{"class":3000},[2990,5887,3611],{"class":3004},[2990,5889,5890],{"class":2992,"line":3468},[2990,5891,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,5893,5894,5896,5899,5901,5903,5905,5907,5909],{"class":2992,"line":3474},[2990,5895,3975],{"class":2996},[2990,5897,5898],{"class":3004}," nums[] = { ",[2990,5900,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,5902,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5904,3644],{"class":3440},[2990,5906,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,5908,3649],{"class":3440},[2990,5910,5911],{"class":3004}," };\n",[2990,5913,5914,5916,5918,5920,5923,5925,5927,5929,5931,5933,5935],{"class":2992,"line":3480},[2990,5915,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,5917,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,5919,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,5921,5922],{"class":3004},"(nums, ",[2990,5924,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,5926,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,5928,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5930,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,5932,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,5934,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,5936,5937],{"class":3090}," // 20 — з перевіркою типів!\n",[2990,5939,5940],{"class":2992,"line":3486},[2990,5941,3595],{"class":3004},[2964,5943,5944],{},"Масив — нудніший API, але 100% безпечний.",[5775,5946,5948,5949,5951,5952,3789,5955,5957],{"icon":5777,"label":5947},"Порада 3: не змішуйте типи","Якщо ви все ж таки використовуєте eліпсис — обмежтеся одним типом аргументів. Функція ",[2968,5950,3915],{}," повинна отримувати ",[3096,5953,5954],{},"тільки",[2968,5956,2997],{},". Це суттєво зменшує ймовірність пастки «неправильний тип → сміття».",[5775,5959,5961,5962,3014,5964,5966],{"icon":5777,"label":5960},"Порада 4: count/format безпечніші за sentinel","Контрольне значення (",[2968,5963,4245],{},[2968,5965,4249],{},") залишає ризик «забув sentinel → нескінченний цикл». Параметр-кількість або формат-рядок чіткіше обмежують ітерацію. Проте й вони не дають жодної компіляторної гарантії.",[5775,5968,5970,6011],{"icon":5777,"label":5969},"Де еліпсис все ще зустрічається",[3154,5971,5972,5990,5999,6005],{},[3157,5973,5974,5982,5983,3014,5985,3014,5987,5989],{},[3096,5975,5976,5978,5979],{},[2968,5977,3124],{}," / ",[2968,5980,5981],{},"scanf"," — класика C, де ",[2968,5984,4676],{},[2968,5986,4682],{},[2968,5988,4687],{}," є форматним рядком.",[3157,5991,5992,5995,5996,3177],{},[3096,5993,5994],{},"Логери"," в C-бібліотеках — ",[2968,5997,5998],{},"log(LOG_ERROR, \"Value: %d\", value)",[3157,6000,6001,6004],{},[3096,6002,6003],{},"Старий C++ код"," — бібліотеки, написані до C++11.",[3157,6006,6007,6010],{},[3096,6008,6009],{},"Системний код"," — взаємодія з C API операційної системи.",[2964,6012,6013],{},"Тобто читання коду з еліпсисом — важливий навик. Написання нового — ні.",[3131,6015],{},[2959,6017,6019],{"id":6018},"практичні-завдання","Практичні завдання",[3815,6021,6023,6027],{"id":6022},"завдання",[6024,6025],"icon",{"name":6026},"i-heroicons-pencil-square"," Завдання",[5723,6029,6030,6317,6370],{},[5726,6031,6034,6042,6229,6250,6256],{"icon":6032,"title":6033},"i-heroicons-academic-cap","Рівень 1 — Базовий",[2964,6035,6036,6039,6040,3299],{},[3096,6037,6038],{},"Завдання 1."," Що виведе код нижче? Поясніть по кроках, що відбувається з ",[2968,6041,3284],{},[2981,6043,6045],{"className":2983,"code":6044,"language":2985,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"#include \u003Ccstdarg>\n#include \u003Ciostream>\n\nint sumThree(int a, ...)\n{\n    va_list list;\n    va_start(list, a);\n\n    int b = va_arg(list, int);\n    int c = va_arg(list, int);\n\n    va_end(list);\n    return a + b + c;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumThree(1, 2, 3) \u003C\u003C '\\n';\n    std::cout \u003C\u003C sumThree(10, 20, 30) \u003C\u003C '\\n';\n}\n",[2968,6046,6047,6053,6059,6063,6078,6082,6086,6093,6097,6112,6127,6131,6137,6144,6148,6152,6160,6164,6195,6225],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,6048,6049,6051],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,6050,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,6052,3934],{"class":3389},[2990,6054,6055,6057],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,6056,3386],{"class":3385},[2990,6058,3390],{"class":3389},[2990,6060,6061],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,6062,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,6064,6065,6067,6070,6072,6074,6076],{"class":2992,"line":3087},[2990,6066,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,6068,6069],{"class":3000}," sumThree",[2990,6071,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,6073,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,6075,3011],{"class":3010},[2990,6077,3424],{"class":3004},[2990,6079,6080],{"class":2992,"line":3229},[2990,6081,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,6083,6084],{"class":2992,"line":3245},[2990,6085,3460],{"class":3004},[2990,6087,6088,6090],{"class":2992,"line":3250},[2990,6089,3489],{"class":3000},[2990,6091,6092],{"class":3004},"(list, a);\n",[2990,6094,6095],{"class":2992,"line":3256},[2990,6096,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,6098,6099,6101,6104,6106,6108,6110],{"class":2992,"line":3451},[2990,6100,3975],{"class":2996},[2990,6102,6103],{"class":3004}," b = ",[2990,6105,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,6107,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,6109,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,6111,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,6113,6114,6116,6119,6121,6123,6125],{"class":2992,"line":3457},[2990,6115,3975],{"class":2996},[2990,6117,6118],{"class":3004}," c = ",[2990,6120,3289],{"class":3000},[2990,6122,3545],{"class":3004},[2990,6124,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,6126,3022],{"class":3004},[2990,6128,6129],{"class":2992,"line":3463},[2990,6130,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,6132,6133,6135],{"class":2992,"line":3468},[2990,6134,3572],{"class":3000},[2990,6136,3575],{"class":3004},[2990,6138,6139,6141],{"class":2992,"line":3474},[2990,6140,3586],{"class":3385},[2990,6142,6143],{"class":3004}," a + b + c;\n",[2990,6145,6146],{"class":2992,"line":3480},[2990,6147,3595],{"class":3004},[2990,6149,6150],{"class":2992,"line":3486},[2990,6151,3221],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":3220},[2990,6153,6154,6156,6158],{"class":2992,"line":3495},[2990,6155,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,6157,3608],{"class":3000},[2990,6159,3611],{"class":3004},[2990,6161,6162],{"class":2992,"line":3500},[2990,6163,3429],{"class":3004},[2990,6165,6166,6168,6170,6173,6175,6177,6179,6181,6183,6185,6187,6189,6191,6193],{"class":2992,"line":3506},[2990,6167,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,6169,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,6171,6172],{"class":3000},"sumThree",[2990,6174,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,6176,3686],{"class":3440},[2990,6178,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,6180,3691],{"class":3440},[2990,6182,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,6184,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,6186,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,6188,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,6190,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,6192,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,6194,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,6196,6197,6199,6201,6203,6205,6207,6209,6211,6213,6215,6217,6219,6221,6223],{"class":2992,"line":3525},[2990,6198,3623],{"class":3622},[2990,6200,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,6202,6172],{"class":3000},[2990,6204,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,6206,3639],{"class":3440},[2990,6208,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,6210,3644],{"class":3440},[2990,6212,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,6214,3649],{"class":3440},[2990,6216,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,6218,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,6220,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,6222,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,6224,3444],{"class":3004},[2990,6226,6227],{"class":2992,"line":3531},[2990,6228,3595],{"class":3004},[2964,6230,6231,6234,6235,6238,6239,6241,6242,6245,6246,6249],{},[3096,6232,6233],{},"Завдання 2."," Напишіть функцію ",[2968,6236,6237],{},"int sumAll(int count, ...)",", що підсумовує ",[2968,6240,3848],{}," цілих чисел. Протестуйте: ",[2968,6243,6244],{},"sumAll(3, 1, 2, 3)"," → 6, ",[2968,6247,6248],{},"sumAll(5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50)"," → 150.",[2964,6251,6252,6255],{},[3096,6253,6254],{},"Завдання 3."," Поясніть, що відбудеться (і чому) при виклику:",[2981,6257,6259],{"className":2983,"code":6258,"language":2985,"meta":2986,"style":2986},"double findAverage(int count, ...);\n// Виклик:\nstd::cout \u003C\u003C findAverage(3, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5) \u003C\u003C '\\n'; // double замість int!\n",[2968,6260,6261,6275,6280],{"__ignoreMap":2986},[2990,6262,6263,6265,6267,6269,6271,6273],{"class":2992,"line":2993},[2990,6264,3202],{"class":2996},[2990,6266,3205],{"class":3000},[2990,6268,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,6270,2997],{"class":2996},[2990,6272,3212],{"class":3010},[2990,6274,3215],{"class":3004},[2990,6276,6277],{"class":2992,"line":3025},[2990,6278,6279],{"class":3090},"// Виклик:\n",[2990,6281,6282,6284,6286,6288,6290,6292,6294,6296,6298,6300,6302,6304,6306,6308,6310,6312,6314],{"class":2992,"line":3053},[2990,6283,5525],{"class":3622},[2990,6285,3626],{"class":3004},[2990,6287,3629],{"class":3000},[2990,6289,3005],{"class":3004},[2990,6291,3634],{"class":3440},[2990,6293,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,6295,5062],{"class":3440},[2990,6297,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,6299,5067],{"class":3440},[2990,6301,3014],{"class":3004},[2990,6303,5018],{"class":3440},[2990,6305,4153],{"class":3004},[2990,6307,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,6309,3659],{"class":3658},[2990,6311,3655],{"class":3389},[2990,6313,3664],{"class":3004},[2990,6315,6316],{"class":3090}," // double замість int!\n",[5726,6318,6321,6337,6353],{"icon":6319,"title":6320},"i-heroicons-cpu-chip","Рівень 2 — Логіка",[2964,6322,6323,6326,6327,6330,6331,6241,6333,6336],{},[3096,6324,6325],{},"Завдання 4."," Реалізуйте функцію ",[2968,6328,6329],{},"int findMin(int count, ...)",", що знаходить мінімум серед ",[2968,6332,3848],{},[2968,6334,6335],{},"findMin(5, 7, 2, 14, 1, 9)"," → 1.",[2964,6338,6339,6342,6343,6345,6346,6348,6349,6352],{},[3096,6340,6341],{},"Завдання 5."," Реалізуйте варіант ",[2968,6344,3629],{}," зі sentinel-значенням ",[2968,6347,3441],{}," (нуль означає кінець): ",[2968,6350,6351],{},"findAverageSentinel(10, 30, 20, 0)"," → 20. Що є фундаментальним обмеженням такого підходу (яке число не можна буде включити у список)?",[2964,6354,6355,6358,6359,6362,6363,6365,6366,6369],{},[3096,6356,6357],{},"Завдання 6."," Перепишіть ",[2968,6360,6361],{},"double findAverage(int count, ...)"," без еліпсиса — використовуючи масив ",[2968,6364,5816],{}," і параметр ",[2968,6367,6368],{},"int size",". Порівняйте обидва підходи: що ви виграли і що «втратили» в зручності API?",[5726,6371,6374,6386,6420],{"icon":6372,"title":6373},"i-heroicons-building-library","Рівень 3 — Аналіз",[2964,6375,6376,6234,6379,6382,6383,6385],{},[3096,6377,6378],{},"Завдання 7.",[2968,6380,6381],{},"void printValues(const char* fmt, ...)",", де ",[2968,6384,4792],{}," — рядок-формат:",[3154,6387,6388,6396,6402,6417],{},[3157,6389,6390,6392,6393,6395],{},[2968,6391,4825],{}," → зчитати ",[2968,6394,2997],{}," і вивести",[3157,6397,6398,6392,6400,6395],{},[2968,6399,4867],{},[2968,6401,3202],{},[3157,6403,6404,6407,6408,6410,6411,6413,6414,4388],{},[2968,6405,6406],{},"'c'"," — зчитати ",[2968,6409,2997],{}," і вивести як ",[2968,6412,5645],{}," (через ",[2968,6415,6416],{},"static_cast\u003Cchar>",[3157,6418,6419],{},"Розделяти виводи пробілом",[2964,6421,6422,6423,6426,6427],{},"Протестуйте: ",[2968,6424,6425],{},"printValues(\"idc\", 42, 3.14, 65)"," → ",[2968,6428,6429],{},"42 3.14 A",[3131,6431],{},[2959,6433,6435],{"id":6434},"підсумок","Підсумок",[5723,6437,6438,6457,6485,6496],{},[5726,6439,6442,5413,6445,6447,6448,5417,6450,6452,6453,6426,6455,3177],{"icon":6440,"title":6441},"i-heroicons-code-bracket","Синтаксис",[2968,6443,6444],{},"тип функція(param, ...)",[2968,6446,3102],{}," завжди останнім. Обов'язково підключити ",[2968,6449,3298],{},[2968,6451,3176],{}," → цикл ",[2968,6454,3289],{},[2968,6456,3292],{},[5726,6458,6461,4673,6464,6467,6468,4673,6471,6474,6475,4673,6478,6481,6482,6484],{"icon":6459,"title":6460},"i-heroicons-list-bullet","Три способи обмеження",[3096,6462,6463],{},"Count",[2968,6465,6466],{},"findAverage(4, ...)"," — найчастіший. ",[3096,6469,6470],{},"Sentinel",[2968,6472,6473],{},"sumUntil(-1)"," — контрольне значення. ",[3096,6476,6477],{},"Format",[2968,6479,6480],{},"print(\"iid\", ...)"," — як ",[2968,6483,3124],{},". Усі три мають вразливості.",[5726,6486,6488,6489,5754,6491,5754,6493,6495],{"icon":5742,"title":6487},"Небезпеки","Немає перевірки типів. Немає перевірки кількості. ",[2968,6490,5645],{},[2968,6492,5706],{},[2968,6494,5750],{}," просуваються. Об'єкти C++ — UB. Компілятор мовчить.",[5726,6497,6500,6501,6503,6504,6507,6508,6510],{"icon":6498,"title":6499},"i-heroicons-shield-check","У новому коді","Замість ",[2968,6502,3102],{}," — масив + розмір, або ",[2968,6505,6506],{},"std::initializer_list",". Еліпсис вивчаємо, щоб ",[3096,6509,3128],{}," старий сод, не писати новий.",[2964,6512,6513,6514,6517],{},"У наступній статті ми розглянемо ",[3096,6515,6516],{},"аргументи командного рядка"," — встроєний механізм C++ для передачі параметрів програмі при її запуску.",[6519,6520,6521],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .su1O8, html code.shiki .su1O8{--shiki-light:#0000FF;--shiki-default:#569CD6;--shiki-dark:#569CD6}html pre.shiki code .s8Opu, html code.shiki .s8Opu{--shiki-light:#795E26;--shiki-default:#DCDCAA;--shiki-dark:#DCDCAA}html pre.shiki code .sHH4Y, html code.shiki .sHH4Y{--shiki-light:#000000;--shiki-default:#D4D4D4;--shiki-dark:#D4D4D4}html pre.shiki code .siwwj, html code.shiki .siwwj{--shiki-light:#001080;--shiki-default:#9CDCFE;--shiki-dark:#9CDCFE}html pre.shiki code .spJ8K, html code.shiki .spJ8K{--shiki-light:#008000;--shiki-default:#6A9955;--shiki-dark:#6A9955}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sCDza, html code.shiki .sCDza{--shiki-light:#AF00DB;--shiki-default:#CE92A4;--shiki-dark:#CE92A4}html pre.shiki code .sbdoH, html code.shiki .sbdoH{--shiki-light:#A31515;--shiki-default:#CE9178;--shiki-dark:#CE9178}html pre.shiki code .sJj4R, html code.shiki .sJj4R{--shiki-light:#098658;--shiki-default:#B5CEA8;--shiki-dark:#B5CEA8}html pre.shiki code .sN1BT, html code.shiki .sN1BT{--shiki-light:#267F99;--shiki-default:#4EC9B0;--shiki-dark:#4EC9B0}html pre.shiki code .sjcCO, html code.shiki .sjcCO{--shiki-light:#EE0000;--shiki-default:#D7BA7D;--shiki-dark:#D7BA7D}",{"title":2986,"searchDepth":3025,"depth":3025,"links":6523},[6524,6525,6526,6530,6535,6540,6541,6542,6545],{"id":2961,"depth":3025,"text":2962},{"id":3135,"depth":3025,"text":3136},{"id":3280,"depth":3025,"text":6527,"children":6528},"Механізм: va_list, va_start, va_arg, va_end",[6529],{"id":3817,"depth":3053,"text":3818},{"id":3897,"depth":3025,"text":3898,"children":6531},[6532,6533,6534],{"id":3908,"depth":3053,"text":3909},{"id":4238,"depth":3053,"text":4239},{"id":4666,"depth":3053,"text":4667},{"id":5154,"depth":3025,"text":5155,"children":6536},[6537,6538,6539],{"id":5158,"depth":3053,"text":5159},{"id":5502,"depth":3053,"text":5503},{"id":5620,"depth":3053,"text":5621},{"id":5720,"depth":3025,"text":5721},{"id":5769,"depth":3025,"text":5770},{"id":6018,"depth":3025,"text":6019,"children":6543},[6544],{"id":6022,"depth":3053,"text":6027},{"id":6434,"depth":3025,"text":6435},"Вивчіть еліпсис (три крапки ...) у C++ — механізм функцій зі змінною кількістю аргументів. Синтаксис va_list/va_start/va_arg/va_end, три способи відстеження кількості аргументів, небезпеки та сучасні альтернативи.","md",null,{},{"title":1750,"description":6546},"cT9sUfGgd0mRvylk9MkTwIXmpb5RyhL8mLaKu6WcWOg",[6553,6555],{"title":1746,"path":1747,"stem":1748,"description":6554,"children":-1},"Вивчіть механізм захоплення лямбда-виразів у C++ — захоплення за значенням та за посиланням, ключове слово mutable, захоплення за замовчуванням, визначення нових змінних у capture-списку та поширені пастки.",{"title":1754,"path":1755,"stem":1756,"description":6556,"children":-1},"Вивчіть аргументи командного рядка у C++ — параметри argc та argv функції main, доступ до рядкових аргументів, конвертація чисел через std::stringstream, атмосфера shell-парсингу та практичні CLI-програми.",1777890689331]